Capital stimulating

In the past, income tax could be reduced by an investment tax credit. This item, designed to stimulate iavestment, was a tax credit amounting to some percentage of the new capital investment ia certain eligible types of production equipment. It was credited when the investment was made and could be used to offset the tax due, until exhausted, for a prescribed period of years. This credit was eliminated ia the United States for most equipment ia 1986, but is frequently advocated for investment stimulation. 

Chemical engineering builds on research results from other disciplines, as well as those from its own practitioners. Not surprisingly, the most important of these other disciplines is chemistry. A vital base of chemical science is needed to stimulate future progress in chemical engineering, just as a vital base in chemical engineering is needed to capitalize on advances in chemistry. The committee endorses the recommendations contained in the NRC s 1985 report Opportunities in Chemistry, and urges their implementation in addition to the recommendations contained in this volume. 

The insurance industry is also developing new products that would have the consequences to stimulate the adaptation to climate change. On the one hand, products help to create the conditions for active adaptation to build physically resilient communities on the other hand, products provide capital and liquidity to help communities to cope with losses caused by climate change catastrophes. 

The second kind of insurance products that stimulate adaptation is based on the availability of capital to cope with catastrophes. These are financial arrangements intended to bring needed capital that will reduce the risk that could derive from future climate-related hazards for those who are most likely to be in peril. These products can be defined as adaptation oriented because they help to build the capacity of nations, communities, and businesses to cope with climate change impacts. 

Periodically Congress has permitted the use of tax credits as a direct reduction from income taxes. Examples are tax credits for installing energy conservation devices, use of alcohol fuels and electric vehicles, development of orphan drugs, creation of low-income housing, and some research expenditures. Tax credits have been used historically to stimulate capital investment in the United States. Such deductions are more valuable than depreciation because they represent direct deductions from the tax bill after taxes are computed on income. 

We had several stimulating discussions with Joost Frenken, Laurens Kuipers and Misha Hoogeman, who drew our attention to the networks of steps discussed here in the first place. E.C. aknowledges financial support from grant No. CHBGCT940734 from the European Capital and Mobility Programme. 

The bottom line is that the broader application of microwave technology is worth pursuing. Any eventual commercial adoption of technology such as a microwave-irradiated continuous reactor system generating attractive economics, both in capital and operating terms, would stimulate broader interest in evaluating the technology. 

Although, at the time of discovery FK 506 was reported as a new immunosuppressant agent being 100-fold more potent than cyclosporin A, efforts to displace cyclosporin A by FK 506, commercialized as tacrolimus, failed until today. It is worth mentioning that FK 506 stimulated the setup of the venture capital funded US company Vertex that aims at a designed drug to treat HIV infections starting from FK 506 as a lead compound. 

The success of the regenerated cellulosic fibres stimulated the imagination of chemists. The obvious sequel was to produce a regenerated protein with properties resembling wool or silk. Much research and capital expenditure has been devoted to the production of lanital from milk casein, ardil from ground-nut protein, saran from soya bean, and vicara from maize. None of them proved really commercially successful and their manufacture has now virtually ceased. 

Work reported in this review has been supported by the European Union Human Capital and Mobility Program (contract CHRX-CT94-0605), the Alliance Program, and the Australian Research Council. We are also extremely grateful to all our co-workers for their very positive contributions, to Prof. H. C. Freeman and Dr. P. J. Ellis (School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Australia) for providing the coordinates of soybean Lb prior to publication, to Dr. C. A. Appleby for stimulating advice and comments, and to Mrs. G. Van der Sype for help with the photography. 

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