Canopy management

Reynolds, A. G., Schlosser, J., Power, R., Roberts, R., WiUwerth, J., de Savigny, C. (2007) Magnitude and interaction of viticultural and enological effects. I. Impact of canopy management and yeast strain on sensory and chemical composition of Chardonnay Musque. American Journal of Etiology and Viticulture, 58, 12-24. 

Robinson, A. L., Boss, P. K., Heymann, H., Solomon, P. S., Trengove, R. D. (2011). Influence of yeast strain, canopy management, and site on the volatile composition and sensory attributes of Cabernet Sauvignon wines from Western Australia. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59, 3273-3284. 

Canopy management may also mitigate or make worse the potential for Botrytis infection. Generally, dense canopies which minimize air circulation and light incursion favor a relatively humid environment which increases the potential for mold growth. Open canopies not only favor air circulation but spray penetration as well (English et al., 1990). 

English, J.T., A.M. Bledsoe, JJ. Marois, and W.M. Kliewer. 1990. Influence of grapevine canopy management on the evaporative potential in the fruit zone. Am.J. Enol. Vitic. 41 137-141. 

This model of Petty Swain (1985) is advanced and is clearly a valuable tool for tree breeders and managers. However, this model is essentially based on the individual tree and still needs to account for community and ecosystem properties such as canopy streamlining by leaf and twig flexing (Cionco, 1972). In addition, considerations of bud susceptibilities to... 

Conservative is used to define orchard and management factors that once introduced cannot, or are extremely difficult to, change or require substantial additional investment to do so. Among these are soil and other site-specific conditions, choice of variety/cultivar and rootstock, planting density and tree canopy formation, system stabilisation measures at orchard set-up and installations to buffer extreme events. 

The catalyst preparation area is positioned between the two polyethylene production units with 60 feet separating each one. The aluminum alkyls storage canopy and isopentane horizontal storage tank are located at a remote area at an approximate distance of 250 feet away from the production and utility areas. The isopentane is transported to the catalyst preparation area through a 3-inch pipeline. A remote actuated isolation valve on this supply line that fails closed is located at the isopentane storage tank. This control valve and an associated isopentane feed pump are managed by the operator in the control room. 

Tree Density Planting density of an orchard can be used to manage weeds. As the density increases, particularly in the row, the orchard floor surface becomes shaded more rapidly by tree canopies, suppressing weed growth (Tucker and Singh, 1983). 

Dumbauld, R.K., Rafferty, J.E., and Bjourklund, J.R., "Prediction of Spray Behavior Above and Within a Forest Canopy" special report under contract 19-276. USDA For. Service, Pacific N.W. For. and Range Exp. Sta., Portland, Oreg., and For. Pest Management, Davis, Calif., 1977. 

The chick, by virtue of the retained yolk, can survive for 3-4 days without food or water. This should never be a survival mechanism that is put to the test, but it does explain why at 3-4 days of age it is common to see an increased mortality. Chicks with low vitality, and especially those from young parent flocks, often appear to be active until this age and then account for a mortality increase. As a guide the first week s mortality should not exceed 1 % and ideally be no higher than 0.75%. The time spent obtaining ideal conditions for the chick in terms of temperature, food, water and freedom from draughts cannot be overstated, but in a chapter such as this it is not possible to cover the finer points of management practices. It is sufficient to say that the brooding temperature of 30-32°C can be achieved by LPG (low-pressure gas) canopy brooders, by infra-red lamps, or by heat mats similar to those used in pig creeps. Whichever system is selected, the... 

The presence of other plants, such as tree or vine rows, or shelter belts, has a considerable influence on the distance that small spray droplets travel, or in the interception of spray in general. Modelling distribution of spray deposits in such environments is much more complex aud is not yet at a stage that it can be applied to operational situations. The usability to do so will lead to improvements in the deposition of spray within a spray area, as well as within the canopy, and it will be used to define spray drift interception. This could become an important part of spray mitigation management plans, especially relevant to the use in horticulture of relatively hazardous insecticides. 

---