Cannabinoids Opioids

Up to 16 illicit drugs and metabolites belonging to five different chemical classes (cocainics, cannabinoids, opioids, amphetamine-like, and lysergic compounds) were analyzed in the collected samples. High purity (>97%) standard solutions... 

The availability of receptor knockout animals has also helped to illustrate cannabinoid-opioid interactions. CBi receptor knockout mice had greatly reduced morphine self-administration behavior and less severe naloxone-induced withdrawal signs than wild type animals, although the antinociceptive actions of morphine were unaffected in the knockout animals (40). The rimona-bant-precipitated withdrawal syndrome in THC-treated mice was significantly attenuated in animals with knockout of the pro-enkephalin gene (48). Knockout of the p opioid (OP3) receptor also reduced rimonabant-induced withdrawal signs in THC-treated mice, and there was an attenuated naloxone withdrawal syndrome in morphine-dependent CBi knockout mice (49,50). 

Braida D, Pozzi M, Cavallini R, et al Intracerebral self-administration of the cannabinoid receptor agonist CP 55,940 in the rat interaction with the opioid system. EurJ Pharmacol 413 227-234, 2001... 

Lichtman AH, Sheikh SM, Loh HH, et al Opioid and cannabinoid modulation of precipitated withdrawal in delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and morphine-dependent mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 298 1007—1014, 2001... 

G Noradrenaline a2 Muscarinic m2 Dopamine D2, D3, D4 Serotonin 5-HTib GABAb Opioid 8, k, p Cannabinoid CBi and CB2 Inhibits adenylate cyclase decreasing the concentration of cAMP... 

Increased dopamine opioid peptides glucocorticoids Foa related proteins Glularrate Cannabinoids Noradrenaline... 

Cocainics Amphetamine-like compounds Opioids Cannabinoids... 

Contrary to other studies, 6ACM and THC presented 100% removal in this study, but due to their low frequency of detection in raw wastewaters and then-absence in treated wastewaters (see Figs. 2 and 5). This fact also affects the overall satisfactory removal of opioids (88%) and cannabinoids (79%). However, removal of morphine, the opioid most frequently detected in wastewaters ranged between 46 and 100%, variability also observed by other authors. In the case of cannabinoids, removals reported are very diverse. The average poor removal observed for THC-COOH in the investigated WWTPs from the Ebro River basin (48%) results from occasionally higher concentrations of this analyte in treated wastewaters compared to raw wastewaters. This finding has also been reported in other studies [7, 19]. 

Marijuana and hashish are derivatives of the cannabis sativa plant 919 Cannabinoid effects in the CNS are mediated by the CB1 receptor 919 Endocannabinoids are endogenous ligands for the CB1 receptor 919 Endocannabinoids serve as retrograde messengers 920 There are many similarities between endogenous opioid and cannabinoid systems 921... 

Although cannabinoids interact with opioids in analgesia, there also appear to be opioid-independent mechanisms (Hamann and di Vadi 1999). The analgesia produced by cannabinoids alone is not abolished by pretreatment with the general opioid antagonist naloxone (Gilbert 1981 Welch and Stevens 1992 Ferri et al. 1986). 

Cannabinoids are known to interact with opioid systems. This is particularly relevant to their analgesic effects and is discussed at length in chapter 8. 

Hamann SR, Martin WR. (1994). Hyperalgesic and analgesic actions of morphine, U50-488, naltrexone, and (-)-lobeline in the rat brainstem. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 47(1) 197-201. Hamann W, di Vadi PP. (1999). Analgesic effect of the cannabinoid analogue nabilone is not mediated by opioid receptors. Lancet 353(9152) 560. 

Vivian JA, Kishioka S, Butelman ER, Broadbear J, Lee KO, Woods JH. (1998). Analgesic, respiratory, and heart rate effects of cannabinoid and opioid agonists in rhesus monkeys antagonist effects of SR 141716A. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 286(2) 697-703. 

Hamann W, di Vadi PP. (1999). Analgesic effect of the cannabinoid analogue nabilone is not mediated by opioid receptors. Lancet. 353(9152) 560. 

Talhout R, Opperhuizen A, van Amsterdam JG (2007) Role of acetaldehyde in tobacco smoke addiction, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 17 627-636 Tanda G, Pontieii FE, Di Chiara G (1997) Cannabinoid and heroin activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by a common mul opioid receptor mechanism. Science 276 2048-2050 Taylor JR, Robbins TW (1984) Enhanced behavioural control by conditioned reinforcers following microinjections of d-amphetamine into the nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology 84 405 12... 

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