Candida albicans toxicity

Riggle PJ, CA Kumamoto (2000) Role of a Candida albicans Pl-type ATPase in resistance to copper and silver toxicity. J Bacteriol 182 4899-4905. 

Fluoro amino acids have been incorporated into peptides, in order to ease the transport or reduce the systemic toxicity. Thus, trifluoroalanine, a powerful inhibitor of alanine racemase, is an essential enzyme for the biosynthesis of the cell wall of bacteria. It has a low antibiotic activity because of its very poor transport. In order to facilitate this transport, the amino acid has been incorporated into a peptide. This delivery allows a reduction of the doses, and thus the toxicity of the treatment is lowered.3-FIuorophenylaIanine (3-F-Phe) is a substrate of phenylalanine hydroxylase, which transforms it into 3-F-Tyr. 3-F-Tyr has a high toxicity for animals, due to its ultimate metabolization into fluorocitrate, a powerful inhibitor of the Krebs cycle (cf. Chapter 7). 3-F-Phe has a low toxicicity toward fungus cells, but when delivered as a tripeptide 3-F-Phe becomes an efficient inhibitor of the growth of Candida albicans. This tripeptide goes into the cell by means of the active transport system of peptides, where the peptidases set free the 3-F-Phe. ... 

It is obtained from Streptomyces noursei. It has similar antifungal action as amphotericin but is highly toxic and used topically only. It is effective against Candida, Histoplasma, Trichophyton, Blastomyces, Microsporum audouini etc. It is indicated in Candida albicans especially oral moniliasis. 

The least toxic, insofar as mammals are concerned, is the simplest structure of all, trichodermin, isolated from Trichoderma viride. It is, nevertheless, inhibitory to etiolated wheat coleoptiles down to 10 5M. The LD50 is 1 g/Kg orally, and 0.5-1 g/Kg subcutaneously in mice, and its low toxicity did, at one time, make it a potential candidate as a pharmaceutical antimicrobial by Leo Pharmaceuticals. It was an effective bacteriocide and, also, exhibited good activity against Candida albicans,16 From the perspective of activity on whole plant growth, it is a... 

Micronesia revealed that the source of 78 and 79 was not the sponge but rather the symbiont unicellular bacteria and filamentous eubacteria resident in the interior of T. swinhoei [80]. Swinholide A was reported to be toxic to L1210 (IC50 = 21 nM) and KB (IC50 = 28 nM) cell lines [81]. Theopalauamide inhibited the growth of Candida albicans in the standard paper disk assay at a concentration of 10 pg/disk. 

Beclomethasone (e.g., Beclovent) u n ft 1) Usually do not induce systemic toxicity. Actions primarily in lungs. Increases risk of oral Candida albicans infection (thrush). 

Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Candida albicans. Davis also stated that (-)anonaine (39) can employ a hypotensive effect in mice and rabbits and was shown to be an inhibitor of dopaminergic response. Also, the toxicity of anonaine HCl was demonstrated in mice at 200 rng kg. A related compound, liriodenine (40), had similar antibacterial activity to anonaine. Liriodenine exhibited fairly potent cytotoxic and cytopathic effects against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) [64], Furthermore, the methylenedioxy functionality of this molecule is beleived to be involved in the observed activity [64], Liriodenine has been isolated from the stem bark of several Magnolia spp. such as M. campbelii, M. mutabilis [24] and the trunk bark of M watsonii and M. obovata [57],... 

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