Rotation camera

Hajdu, J., McLaughlin, P. J., Helliwell, J. R., Sheldon, J., and Thompson,. 4 W. Universal crystal cooling device for precession cameras, rotation camera and diffractometer. J. Appl. Cryst. 18, 528-532 (1985). 

None of the data films happened to show the orthorhombic symmetry, thus a preliminary report specified the approximate cell constants for a primitive monoclinic cell P2i (Makowski et al 1987). Figure 10.26 shows the statistical distribution of approximate Bragg resolution found for the first film from each crystal, figure 10.27 displays the quick loss in resolution as a function of the exposure time/film number. In order to average out the resolution decay during each exposure, the camera rotation axis was oscillated ten times per photograph. 

Other limitation for the spatial resolution can be found in the detector. A limited number of pixels in the camera array can be a reason for pure resolution in the case of a big field of view. For example, if field of view should be 10 by 10 nun with camera division 512x512 pixels the pixel size will be approximately 20 microns. To improve the relation of the field of view and the spatial resolution a mega-pixel sensor can be used. One more limitation for the spatial resolution is in mechanical movement (rotation) of the object, camera and source. In the case of a mechanical movement all displacements and rotations should be done with accuracy better than the spatial resolution in any tested place of the object. In the case of big-size assemblies and PCB s it is difficult to avoid vibrations, axle play and object non-planarity during testing. 

During testing a depth resolution of 50-80 micron and a lateral resolution of 20-40 micron was achieved. The spatial resolution was limited not mainly hy source or camera properties, but by the accuracy of compensation of the instrumental errors in the object movements and misalignments. According to this results a mote precision object rotation system and mote stable specimen holding can do further improvements in the space resolution of microlaminography. 

Laminographical approaches can be used for layer-by-layer visualization of the internal microstructure for the flat objects (multilayers, PCBs etc.), that caimot be reconstructed by computerized tomography because of the limited possibilities in rotation. Depth and lateral spatial resolutions are limited by the tube, camera and rotation accuracy. Microfocus X-ray tubes and digital registration techniques with static cameras allow improving resolution. Precision object manipulations and more effective distortion corrections can do further improvement. 

A CCD camera is located in the II(t, ) plane. It records the first speekle pattern and proeesses it digitally. After this, the diffuser G is rotated and trtinslated (Figure I). 

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies are acquired by rotating the y-camera around the patient s long axis. These data are then used to reconstmct the radioactivity distribution in three dimensions. This may be displayed as sHces of radioactivity concentration or rendered so as to present the appearance of a soHd volume. 

F-G F Thermoforming, injection, blow, rotational and extrusion molds Business machine and camera housings, blowers, bearings, gears, pump impellers... 

The SAXS intensity distribution was measured with a rotating anode x-ray generator (Rigaku Denki, Rotaflex, RTP 300 RC) operated at 40 kV and 100 mA. The x-ray source was monochrolmatized to CuK (A = 0.154 nm) radiation. The SAXS patterns were taken with a fine-focused x-ray source using a flat plate camera (Rigaku Denki, RU-lOO). In the measurement of the solution sample, we used a glass capillary (< = 2.0 mm Mark-Rohrchen Ltd.) as a holder vessel. 

Rotating camera images of a CO/O2 flame undergoing the inversion from the hemispherical cap flame to an inverted shape that is now considered a tulip or perhaps more accurately a "two-lip" flame. The flame propagates in a 20.3 cm long closed cylindrical tube of 2.5 cm diameter. (Adapted from EUis, O.C. de C. and Wheeler, R.V., /. Chem. Soc., 2,3215,1928.)... 

In the 1930s, Bone et al. [15] using rotating mirror camera observed the action of shock waves propagating into the unburnt mixture ahead of the accelerating flame, and postulated that the detonation wave was initiated as a result of preignition of the shock-compressed mixture. 

Fig. 3 shows the calculated and experimental results of particle fluidization behaviors in a RFB. A high-speed video camera (FASTCAM MAX, Photoron CO., Ltd.) was used for visualization of actual particle fluidization behavior. The bubbling fluidization behaviors, such as the bubble formation, eruption and particle circulation with rotational motion, could be well simulated, and these behaviors were also observed in the experimental results. 

Fig. 2.7. Initiation of detonation in explosives, as shown in a rotating mirror camera.

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