Calorie Sugars

Polyols have a sweet taste and low energy they are nonmetaboHzable, so they do not affect the blood sugar (glycemia) level. These compounds are either partially 

Metabolic engineering techniques have been applied to modify bacterial metabolism to direct it to the synthesis of compounds of interest. Ferain et al. [228] and Neves etal. [229] reported the production of mannitol hy Lb. plantarum and Lc. lactis (homolactic bacteria) strains when the lactate dehydrogenase gen was disrupted (Aldh). In these cases, mannitol was produced by reduction of 

As sorbitol, xylitol is not naturally synthesized by LAB, its production was obtained by heterologous expression [236] of the D-xylose reductase gene from the yeast Pichia stipitis CBS 5773 and the xylose transporter gene from Lb. brevis ATCC 8287 in the strain Lc. lactis NZ9800. D-xylose was quantitatively converted to D-xylitol, reaching an amount of 54.4 gl similar to that produced by yeast. 

More detailed information on polyol production by LAB or on the metabolic engineering strategies applied for the synthesis of these compounds by LAB can be found in the reviews of Saha and Racine, Moon et al, and Ortiz et al. 

Folates Folates are foUc acid derivatives that are naturally present in foods. FoUc acid is the chemically synthesized form of folate. Folates are involved in many metaboUc pathways such as DNA and RNA biosynthesis, repair and methylation, and amino acid interconversions. These compounds possess antioxidant competence that protects the genome by preventing free radical attack [238]. In humans, folate deficiency is associated with a variety of disorders such as coronary heart disease, osteoporosis, Alzheimer s disease, and increased risk of breast and colorectal cancer [239]. 

---

In addition to the synthesis of organic acids, many LAB can also produce other interesting metabolites such as antibacterial compounds (e.g., bacteriocins) [7], aroma compounds (diacetyl, acetoin, etc.), vitamins, exopolysaccharides (EPS), low-calorie sugars (e.g., mannitol), short-chain fatty acids, and y-amino butyric acid (GABA) [4,8]. Owing to this metabolic versatihty, these bacteria can be used as microbial cell factories in the production of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, or other industrially relevant products [1, 9]. 

Ladero, V., Ramos, A., Wieisma, A, Goffin, P. et al. (2007) High-level production of the low-calorie sugar sorbitol by Lactobacillus plantarum through metabolic engineering. Appl Environ. Microbiol, 73, 1864—1872. 

Prepd. on a large scale by hydrogenation of 6-0-a-i>Glucopyranosyl-i>-fructofura-nose, G-296 as a 1 1 mixture (isomalt) with its C-5 epimer. Mixts. with the epimer are known as Palatinit or Isomalt and used as reduced-calorie sugar substitutes Low nutritive sweetener with half the sweetness of sucrose. Mixts. with the epimer are known as Palatinit or Isomalt and used as reduced-calorie sugar substitutes Cryst. (MeOH) or needles. 

The composition of cereal food products can be signiflcantly modified by additives and some processing methods. For example, psyllium is often added to cereal products to increase the soluble fiber content however, the accepted method for measuring total dietary fiber (AOAC Method 991.43, Ref. 1) is not accurate for psyllium-containing products and must be modified by the addition of a sonification step (33). Similarly, some low- or no-calorie sugar and fat substitutes and their carriers, used in certain... 

Dried figs are high in calories, sugar, fiber, and potassium. They are also good sources of calcium and iron. Many people find that the liberal consumption of dried or stewed figs helps to promote regularity of bowel movements. 

Dried fruits are rich in calories, sugars, fiber, iron, potassium, and various other nutrients because the solids content is about five times that of the fresh fruits. Hence, dried fruit is generally a good buy when it does not cost more than five times the price per pound of the fresh fruit, since the former has no waste in the form of peel and seeds. Furthermore, the consumption of ample amounts of raw or stewed dried fruits may help to promote the regularity of bowel movements. 

Sorbitol Zymomonas mobilis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei (Pappagiani, 2012) Low-calorie sugars, treatment for obesity, and artificial sweetener (Ladero et al., 2007). 

Vrancken, G., Rimaux, T., De Vuyst, L., and Mozzi, R (2010) Low-calorie sugars produced by lactic acid bacteria. In Biotechnology of Lactic Acid Bacteria Novel Applications ((eds) F. Mozzi, R.R. Raya, and G.M. Vignolo), Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Ames, lA, USA, pp. 193-209. 

---