Calculation of the result

The oxygen equivalent (Fox). the amount of thiosulphate corresponding to 250.0 pmol (5.6035 mL) oxygen at standard temperature (0°C) and pressure (1013.25 hPa) is 1 mmol. 

Including the standardization of the thiosulphate solution the sample concentration of oxygen is calculated as  

b- are volumes in mL. of the iodate standard, sample (bottle) and fixing reagents (manganese(/7) chloride plus alkaline iodide), respectively  

Cox is the sample concentration of oxygen in mL/L or / mol/L depending on the dimension of the oxygen equivalent qx  

For routine analyses it may be advantageous to simplify the calculation by combining the predetermined variables for a specific analytical procedure as a constant term, i.e., nominal thiosulphate concentration, oxygen equivalent and bottle and reagent volumes. 

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The record must conclude with the calculation of the result of the analyses, and in this connection the equation(s) for the principal chemical reaction(s) involved in the determination should be shown together with a clear exposition of the procedure used for calculating the result. Finally, appropriate comments should be made upon the degree of accuracy and the precision achieved. 

Second, if the results of a quantitative analysis are to be reported to three or more significant figures, then weight measurements that enter directly into the calculation of the results should be made on an analytical balance so that the results of the analysis can be correctly reported after the calculation is performed. 

Fourth, if a weight measurement does directly affect the numerical result of an accurate quantitative analysis (in a way other than entering directly into the calculation of the results, which is the second case mentioned above), then it must be performed on an analytical balance. 

Fig. 4.3.7. Reversed-phase HPLC (A + B) and normal-phase HPLC (C + D) chromatograms of wastewater (A + C) and sludge (B + D) taken from an industrial wastewater treatment plant. Detector fluorescence detector. Chromatograms used for calculation of the results shown in Table 4.3.1. 

The first is the clear and unambiguous specification what has to be measured under which conditions. This sometimes is more tricky than it seems to be, since it is very much connected to the second step, the identification of uncertainty sources. These sources also include parameters that do not directly go into the calculation of the result, but nevertheless influence the result and therefore the uncertainty. 

For the specification of the measurand we need a statement of what we want to measure and at the same time a formula for the result which contains all relevant uncertainty sources. The example in the shde describes the calculation of the result of a determination of the amount of cadmium released from ceramic ware under certain conditions. The result depends on the content of Cd in the extraction solution Co, the volume of the leachate Vl, the surface area ay that is extracted and possibly a dilution factor. These parameters are used to calculate the result. But we also have to consider that the acid concentration, the extraction time and the temperature are influencing the result. Since they are not directly involved in the calculation of the result, we add factors with the value 1. But we assume that this value 1 will have an uncertainty as well. 

The simultaneous solution of eqns. (72) and (79) when h is not zero is generally achieved by a numerical method which considers small increments in reactor volume and then iterates the calculation of the resulting temperature and fractional conversion in a manner similar to that described for Sect. 2.5.3 for a batch reactor. Cooper and Jeffreys [3] give an illustrative example, together with a computer flow diagram, for calculating the reactor volume. 

The superposition of the different magnetic interactions complicates the interpretation and calculation of the resulting normalized line shape function,/(v). It is therefore advantageous to make use of the so-called second moment M2 as a measure of the linewidth of the solid-state NMR signals. The full-width at halfmaximum of an NMR signal in frequency units, also called the static linewidth, is... 

First, we shall summarize the results of above calculations of the resulting spectral function (96). 

To place this in a familiar context, in a routine GC determination the result y (usually the concentration of material in a sample) is obtained from a simple calculation based on interpolation from a calibration curve. The curve in turn depends on the values of the concentration standard(s) used to set up the calibration, combined with the values of the mass of sample, dilution volumes etc. xx to xm represent the values of concentration standards used to set up the calibration curve, sample mass, dilution volumes etc. which are used in this calculation of the result. 

Thus, If the solid phase properties (densities and sublimation pressures) are known, then the solubility of the solute In the supercritical solvent at any pressure and temperature can be calculated provided an equation of state Is available for the calculation of The results for five binary systems using Patel-... 

In a polymerization process the chain length distribution or molar mass distribution (MMD) is influenced by a large number of factors and conditions the kinetics of the reaction plays a very important role. The calculation of the resulting MMD is thus very complicated. For one of the simplest cases, a step reaction with polycondensation, a first-order approach is given here. As an example we take a hydroxy acid HO-R-COOH, which, upon condensation, forms the chain -[-O-R-CO-]n. 

Electrostatic. In many practical situations, both membrane and solute have net negative charges. Hence, as the solute approaches a pore in the membrane it experiences an electrostatic repulsion. A quantitative theoretical description of this interaction requires solution of the non-linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation for the interacting solute and membrane followed by calculation of the resulting force by integrating the electric stress tensor on the solute surface. Due to the complexity of the geometry... 

Calculation of theoretical 4-neighbor distributions [Si(nAl)] for pathway I is a more involved task than for pathway II, especially for a 6R ensemble with Kj p f 0. The first step is to convert the 6R ensemble to a weighted average of sodalite cage sub-units by application of the probability set P3i which for this pathway is exemplified by Figure 7 for Kmp = 0.5. Additional complexity arises because, in addition to the 3-neighbor distributions for each Si site, we require a calculation of the resultant M /p2 ratio Kj p, needed in the next step. This value of K p is then used to calculate... 

One of the earliest treatments of a metal surface was based upon a jellium model (Bardeen, 19.36). If the electron gas terminated abruptly at the surface of the jellium there would be no net potential to contain the electrons in the metal. Therefore the electron gas extends beyond the metal, giving a dipole layer, as illustrated in Fig. 17-5. Bardeen attempted the self-consistent calculation of the resulting potential. It should be mentioned that the Fermi-Thomas approximation is not adequate for this task and was not used by Bardeen it is not difficult to see that it would predict the Fermi energy to be at the vacuum level, corresponding to a vanishing work function. 

Most laboratories document what they do, but the extent of documentation differs. Some document everything, including the weight of each of the chemicals used for solutions to be used in the analysis and when the instrument was calibrated last and with what results, while others document what they think are the bare necessities of the measurements that are used in the final calculation of the result. In any case, the amount of documentation is large, and after a while it may be difficult to find out exactly what has been performed and by whom. 

The ISE systems of all three analysers measured lithium in undiluted serum as direct measurements. Automated system calibration and calculation of the results were in-built in all the instruments. The lithium measurement range of the Cobas Integra 700 ISE module was from 0.10 mmol/l up to 4.00 mmol/l. According to the manufacturer s specifications the linear measurement range of the Kone Microlyte 6 ISE analyser was from 0.20 mmol/l to 4.00 mmol/l and for the Chiron 654 ISE from 0.20 mmol/l to 5.00 mmol/l. 

POWDER CELL a program for the representation and manipulation of crystal structures and calculation of the resulting X ray powder patterns., W. Kraus and G. Nolze, J. Appl. Crystallogr., 1996, 29, 301 303... 

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