Calcium and magnesium

In the case of lubricant detergents, the hydrophilic or polar part is a metallic salt (calcium, magnesium) and at the center of the micelle it is possible to store a reserve of a metal base (lime or magnesia) the detergent will be able therefore to neutralize the acids produced by oxidation of the oil as soon as they are created. 

Addition of a salt can transform the shale by cation exchange to a less sensitive form of clay, or reduce the osmotic swelling effect by reducing the water activity in the mud below that which occurs in the shale. These effects depend on the salt concentration and the nature of the cation. Salts containing sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and ammonium ions ate used to varying degrees. 

Sihca is reduced to siUcon at 1300—1400°C by hydrogen, carbon, and a variety of metallic elements. Gaseous siUcon monoxide is also formed. At pressures of >40 MPa (400 atm), in the presence of aluminum and aluminum haUdes, siUca can be converted to silane in high yields by reaction with hydrogen (15). SiUcon itself is not hydrogenated under these conditions. The formation of siUcon by reduction of siUca with carbon is important in the technical preparation of the element and its alloys and in the preparation of siUcon carbide in the electric furnace. Reduction with lithium and sodium occurs at 200—250°C, with the formation of metal oxide and siUcate. At 800—900°C, siUca is reduced by calcium, magnesium, and aluminum. Other metals reported to reduce siUca to the element include manganese, iron, niobium, uranium, lanthanum, cerium, and neodymium (16). 

W. C. Eroass, Interactions of Calcium, Magnesium and Silicate Under Peroxide Bleaching Conditions, M.S. Dissertation, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Eorestry, Syracuse, N.Y., June, 1991. 

Warm Lime Softening. The warm lime softening process operates in the temperature range of 49—60°C. The solubiHties of calcium, magnesium, and siHca are reduced by increased temperature. Therefore, they are more effectively removed by warm lime softening than by cold lime softening. 

The purity of commercial barium depends to a large extent on the purity of the raw material used. Impurities such as calcium, magnesium, and alkaU metal compounds are reduced in the manufacturing process and can contaminate the barium. The typical composition of commercial barium is shown in Table 2. 

The ash content of furnace blacks is normally a few tenths of a percent but in some products may be as high as one percent. The chief sources of ash are the water used to quench the hot black from the reactors during manufacture and for wet pelletizing the black. The hardness of the water, and the amount used determines the ash content of the products. The ash consists principally of the salts and oxides of calcium, magnesium, and sodium and accounts for the basic pH (8—10) commonly found in furnace blacks. In some products potassium, in small amounts, is present in the ash content. Potassium salts are used in most carbon black manufacture to control stmcture and mbber vulcanizate modulus (22). The basic mineral salts and oxides have a slight accelerating effect on the vulcanization reaction in mbber. 

CP has been used as an ion-exchange material to remove radioisotopes, such as Sr, Cs (43) and U (VI) (44) from solution. CP ion-exchange resins have been used to remove calcium ions from blood (45) and calcium, magnesium, and potassium ions from wine (46). A commercial product made using CP, Calci-Bind, has been used for the treatment of kidney stones (47). 

Calcium, Magnesium and/or Sodium-Cation Exchanger (Insoluble) + Sulfuric Acid (Soluble) = Hydrogen Cation Exchanger (Insoluble) + Calcium, Magnesium and/or Sodium Sulfates (Soluble). 

A laboratory check is normally desirable to assess the amounts of organic and mineral acids present, and a check on hardness is usually necessary in any case. Hardness in water is due to dissolved salts - mainly of calcium, magnesium and iron, and occasionally of aluminum. Softening may be required if the water is extremely hard, because the salts react with the emulsifier in the soluble oil to form an insoluble scum that floats on the surface of the emulsion. The scum may not in itself be harmful, but its formation uses up some of the emulsifier and causes the emulsion to be unstable. 

Diethyl oxalate is usually preferred because of its slower rate of hydrolysis. Satisfactory results are obtained in the precipitation of calcium, magnesium, and zinc thorium is precipitated using dimethyl oxalate. 

Phosphate, arsenate, and vanadate interfere. Borate, fluoride, and large amounts of aluminium, calcium, magnesium, and the alkali metals have no effect in the determination, but large amounts of iron (> 5 per cent) appear to produce slightly low results. 

NOTE It has been shown that in the absence of phosphate, carbonate conditioning can produce precipitated solids in a non-adherent and mobile form by adjusting the proportion of calcium, magnesium and silica to correspond with the relationship ... 

For a material to be a good conductor it must be possible to excite an electron from the valence band (the states below the Fermi level) to the conduction band (an empty state above the Fermi level) in which it can move freely through the solid. The Pauli principle forbids this in a state below the Fermi level, where all states are occupied. In the free-electron metal of Fig. 6.14 there will be plenty of electrons in the conduction band at any nonzero temperature - just as there will be holes in the valence band - that can undertake the transport necessary for conduction. This is the case for metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and aluminium. 

Phase diagrams for the systems calcium/ magnesium and H20/HF formation of one and three compounds, respectively... 

Calcium, magnesium, and zinc salts of stearic acid... 

Pollutants Segment A Calcium, Magnesium, and Sodium Sulfite Segment B Ammonium Sulfite ... 

This wastewater stream contains lead (Pb) salts and chlorinated hydrocarbons generated from corrosion of the anodes as well as asbestos particles generated as a result of degradation of the diaphragm with use. Wastewater is also generated from the scrubber where the chlorine is wet scrubbed and from the ion exchange resin used to purify the brine solution. These wash water often contains dilute hydrochloric acid with small amounts of dissolved calcium magnesium and aluminum chloride. Like in other cells, the scrubber water also contributes to the wastewater stream. 

Milk from clinically mastitis infected, sub-clinically mastitis infected and healthy cows has been shown to differ in sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus concentrations (El Zubeir et al., 2005). The study reported that milk from cows infected with sub-clinical mastitis had significantly lower potassium and higher sodium and phosphorus concentrations. Similarly, the milk from cows with the clinical form of the disease had a higher sodium and lower potassium, magnesium and calcium concentration. 

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