Cadmium speciation

D. Hirsch and A. Banin, Cadmium speciation in. soil solutions. J. Environm. Qual. 19 366 (1990). 

Hirsh D., Banin A. Cadmium speciation in soil solutions. J Environ Qual 1990 19 366-372. 

Xue, H.-B. and Sigg, L. (1998). Cadmium speciation and complexation by natural organic ligands in fresh water, Anal. Chim. Acta, 363, 249-259. 

Crews, H.M., Dean, J.R., Ebdon, L. and Massey, R.C. (1989) Application of high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to the investigation of cadmium speciation in pig kidney following cooking and in vitro gastro-intestinal digestion. Analyst, 114, 895-899. 

Hirsch, D., and Banin, A. J. (1990). Cadmium speciation in soil solutions the residual effect of sewage sludge on heavy metal content of tobacco and peanut. J. Environ. Qual. 19, 366-372. 

Onyatta, J. O., and Huang, P. M. (1999). Cadmium speciation and bioavailability index for selected Kenyan soils. Geoderma 91, 87-101. 

Batley, G.E. and Gardner, D., 1978. A study of copper, lead and cadmium speciation in some estuarine and coastal marine waters. Estuarine Coastal Mar. Sci., 7 59—70. 

Cadmium speciation in the soil solution may well play a role in its bioavailability. An element s bioavailability is reported to be a function of at least three parameters (Brummer, 1986) ... 

Both the amounts and proportion of organic compounds of root exudates vary substantially with plant species and cultivars. Further, the same plant culti-var grown in different soils shows variations with respect to the kind and amount of LMWOAs present in the rhizosphere (Table 9). More recent data show that the kind and amount of root exudates vary with the level of Cd in contaminated soils (Chou et al, 2003 Wang et al, 2003), as illustrated in Table 10. Further, the amount of LMWOAs correlates significantly with the Cd concentration in the rhizosphere soils (Table 11). Cadmium speciation in relation to its bioavailability in the rhizosphere merits increased attention. 

Cadmium Speciation in Metaiiothioneins and Reiated Molecuies by Eiectrochemicai Techniques... 

Cadmium Speciation Analysis Using Hyphenated Techniques... 

Gel Electrophoresis with Laser Ablation Applied to Cadmium Speciation in Proteins... 

Zaouak, O., Authier, L., Cugnet, C., Normandin, E., Champier, D., Rivaletto, M., Potin-Gautier, M., 2010. Electroanalytical device for cadmium speciation in waters. Part 2 automated system development and cadmium semicontinuous monitoring. Electroanalysis 22, 1159-1165. 

Alvaeez-Liamas G., Fernandez De La Campa M. R., Fernandez Sanchez M. L. and Sanz-Medel A. (2002) Comparison of two CE-ICP-MS interfaces based on microflow nebulizers application to cadmium speciation in metallothioneins using quadrupole and double-focusing mass analyzers,... 

Ferrarelo, C. N., Encinar, Ruiz, J., Centineo, G., Alonso, J. I. Garcia, de la Campa, M. R. Fernandez, and Sanz-Medel, A. (2002) Comparison of three different ICP-MS instruments in the study of cadmium speciation in rabbit Uvct metallothionein-1 using tevCTsed-phase HPLC and post-column isotope dilution analysis. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 17,1024. 

The fact that metal cation importers mediate cadmium entry into cells whereas Cd " does not appear to be a substrate for exporters of essential transition metals points at an important issue of cadmium speciation in biological systems. Upon exposure of cells, particularly those protecting the body from its envirmunent, such as epithelial cells, Cd " is presented in relatively weak complexes allowing Cd " to easily dissociate and bind to cadmium transporters, and it may cross membranes as a free ion. In contrast, once inside cells, strong Ugands of Cd " are generally... 

Abstract This chapter reports an analysis of literature dedicated to the speciation of cadmium in various environmental compartments, i.e., atmosphere, natural waters, soils and sediments. The difficulty of the cadmium speciation studies, due to the variability of composition of different natural systems and to the low cadmium concentration in the environment, is highlighted. As an alternative approach, cadmium behavior is assessed by modelling its reactivity towards the main classes of ligands usually present in natural systems. The stability of cadmium complexes with... 

As already discussed in previous chapters, speciation plays an important role in cadmium toxicity and exposure to living organisms, influences its availability, accumulation, bio-modification, as well as its transport inside the organisms, and within and between environmental compartments too. That is why speciation studies are of fundamental importance to fully appreciate how this element behaves in the environment. Unfortunately, a careful analysis of literature dedicated to the speciation of cadmium reveals that this term is often abused and erroneously used, resulting in a consistent reduction of the papers really matching lUPAC recommendations and being effectively dedicated to cadmium speciation. 

In the atmosphere, cadmium is present as a result of both namral and man-made activities, mainly in finer particles. It mainly occurs in various inorganic forms, though organic complexation may play important roles in some cases. In the natural waters, cadmium is mainly present as chloride and/or carbonate species, though the presence of organic ligands may influence its speciation. In soils and sediments, including soil solutions, cadmium speciation is deeply affected by the characteristic of the matrix. 

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