Cadmium lithium metal

Some electrochemicals are produced in very large quantity. Chlorine and sodium hydroxide production in 1991 were 10,727,000 t and 11,091,000 t, respectively (1). Aluminum was produced at the rate of 4,100,000 t/yr and had an annual market value of about 5.4 biUion. Other electrochemically produced products are required in smaller volume. The production of the metals cadmium, lithium, and nickel were at the rates of 1600 t, 2800 t, and 8400 t, respectively for 1991 (see Table 1). Electrochemical processing plants produce a variety of products in a wide range of capacities. 

Steels and austenitic stainless steels are susceptible to molten zinc, copper, lead and other metals. Molten mercury, zinc and lead attack aluminum and copper alloys. Mercury, zinc, silver and others attack nickel alloys. Other low-melting-point metals that can attack common constructional materials include tin, cadmium, lithium, indium, sodium and gallium. 

Finally, there are many metal-containing solid wastes that may undergo leaching if disposed to land spent catalysts (cobalt, nickel, vanadium) spent batteries (nickel, cadmium, lithium, lead) combustion ashes etc. 

Lithium metal is also a component of certain kinds of batteries. A battery is a device for converting chemical energy into electrical energy. Lithium batteries are much lighter than the familiar lead and sulfuric acid batteries used in many cars and tmcks. They also reduce the use of toxic lead and cadmium. Lithium batteries are used in products such as... 

When attention focused on pure-electric vehicles (EVs) at the beginning of the 1990s, it was clear that the VRLA battery could not deliver the desired service-life. Within a decade, however, the industry, supported by the extensive research programme mounted by the Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC), had made the necessary investment in research and development to achieve a ten-fold increase in deep-cycle life. The VRLA battery was then able to compete with alternative chemistries (e.g., nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal-hydride, lithium-ion) as an acceptable power source for EVs. 

Total life cycle analyses may be utilized to establish the relative environmental and human health impacts of battery systems over their entire lifetime, from the production of the raw materials to the ultimate disposal of the spent battery. The three most important factors determining the total life cycle impact appear to be battery composition, battery performance, and the degree to which spent batteries are recycled after their useful lifetime. This assessment examines both rechargeable and non-rechargeable batteries, and includes lead acid, nickel cadmium, nickel metal hydride, lithium ion, carbon zinc and alkaline manganese batteries. 

Nickel-Cadmium Nickel Metal Hydride Lithium-Ion ... 

The most compelling example is the BATENUS process developed by PIRA in 1992 or thereabouts. In the laboratory, this process made it possible to separate all the metals, including lead, nickel, cadmium, lithium, etc. 

Accurate sorting relies on the identification of a number of different properties of a battery. These include the physical size and shape, the weight, the electromagnet properties and any surface identifiers such as colour or unique markings. These properties can be analysed in a number of different combinations in order to sort batteries into nickel cadmium, nickel metal hydride, lithium, lead acid, mercuric oxide, alkaline and zinc carbon batteries. Due to an voluntary marking initiative introduced by the european battery industry, it is now also possible to separate the alkaline and zinc carbon cells further into mercury free and mercury containing streams. 

Nickel-Cadmium, Nickel-Metal-Hydride, and Lithium-Ion Batteries... 

BATTERIES AND FUEL CELLS (SECTION 20.7) A battery is a self-contained electrochemical power source that contains one or more voltaic cells. Batteries are based on a variety of different redox reactions. Batteries that cannot be recharged are called primary cells, while those that can be recharged are called secondary cells. The common alkaline dry cell battery is an example of a primary cell battery. Lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion batteries are examples of secondary cells. Fuel cells are voltaic cells that utilize redox reactions in which reactants such as H2 have to be continuously supphed to the cell to generate voltage. 

Nickel cadmium (NiCd) Nickel metal hydride (NiMH) Lithium ion (Li-ion) Lithium metal (LiM)... 

Using Lithium-Cadmium Mixed-Metal Bases... 

If compared to metals used for common batteries such as lead or nickel and cadmium, lithium is not as poisonous as these to biological systems. Disposal of used lithium batteries is therefore a smaller problem. 

Figure 18.42 Comparison of the energy contents of the competing battery systems nickel/ cadmium, nickel/metal hydride, and lithium ion (Energizer). (From Braun in Ref. 10.)...

Batteries contain a range of recyclable metals and can thus be used as sources of raw materials. Below you will find a selection of the major recycling procedures for portable batteries from the various electrochemical systems. There are sufficient facilities to deal with round and button cell batteries containing lead, nickel/ cadmium, nickel/metal hydride, and mercury. For the newer nickel/metal hydride and lithium systems, however, recycling is still in the early stages. For all the other aforementioned systems, such procedures have been in place for some time now. 

Nickel- Cadmium Nickel-Metal- Hydride Lithium- Ion Nickel- Hydrogen... 

ANSI C18.2M, Part 1 Standard for Portable Rechargeable CeUs and Batteries Nickel-cadmium Nickel-metal hydride Lithium-ion... 

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