Immunological procedures

A 5% change in assay from its initial value or failure to meet the acceptance criteria for potency when using biological or immunological procedures. 

A3, H2, S16) In general, immunological procedures have been employed for assessment of the purity of the various lipoprotein preparations. At this time, however, the availability of specific antisera may permit the application of immunological procedures in preparative work, particularly by the technique of affinity chromatography. 

These methods are summarized in Table 2. Physical, chemical, and immunological procedures are not exclusive of each other, but rather ought to be employed together so that an unequivocal assessment of the purity of the particles under consideration can be obtained. 

Babajimopoulos, M. and Mikolajcik, E. M. 1977. Quantification of selected serum proteins of milk by immunological procedures. J. Dairy Sci. 60, 721-725. 

In addition to analyzing a protein for characteristics dictated by its specific nature, routine analytical assays are performed namely, amino acid analyses and amino- and carboxy-terminal sequencing. If necessary, disulfide assignments are made. A search is ordinarily conducted for oxidations and/or deamidations. In the case of recombinant proteins particular attention is paid to detecting signal sequences or proteolytically degraded species. In contrast, deletions and chemical modifications can be a consequence of proteins prepared by chemical synthesis. Lastly, tests are applied to determine if the protein is correctly folded into its native three dimensional structure. In addition, with recombinant proteins, sensitive immunological procedures are performed to ensure that host cell proteins have not been copurified with the protein of interest. 

Acridinium esters are used also in immunological procedures. They have the advantage that no catalyst... 

Artificial bridging adhesion between cells is known. Immunological procedures which involve the agglutination of cells by an antibody (or antigen when the cells are coated with antibody) appear to be bridging reactions. 

Since the identities of the gonadotropic hormones remain uncertain, it is important before discussing assay procedures, to examine in some detail the various techniques for their preparation. Such methods may of themselves lead to differences in the composition or structure of the final products of extraction as well as to variations in the type of protein contaminants remaining in the purified hormone preparation. Since immunological procedures hinge on the availability of pure FSH and LH, it is likely that the results of such assays will vary depending on the methods by which these purified hormones have been obtained. 

As with all immunological procedures, it is important to make sure the specimens stay hydrated throughout. Drying will result in nonspecific immunoglobulin binding. A level chamber rack is also important since, in 30 min time, antibodies may flow with gravity away from the specimen location. 

Table 3 illustrates the various immunologic procedures which are available for the elaboration of the diagnosis of hypersensitivity to drugs and which will be reviewed. 

Kunz ML, Reisman RE, Arbesman CE (1967) Evaluation of penicillin hypersensitivity by two newer immunological procedures. J Allergy Clin Immunol 40 135 Kuwahara S, Mine Y, Nishida M (1970) Immunogenicity of cefazolin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 374... 

Isoenzymes should become a valuable means of establishing the tissue origins of enzymes in serum. That this has not always been successfully accomplished stems very largely from the fact that isoenzyme forms are often not easy to separate. Sometimes, the required electrophoretic, chromatographic, or immunological procedures are not easily transplanted from their laboratories of origin. 

Depending on the purpose of the experiment to be performed, embryos operated and cultured as described can be subjected to histochemistry, immunological procedures (as whole mounts), or whole-mount in-sim hybridization. In many cases, it is possible to combine two or more of these methods. For example, it is possible to fix the embryos in formaldehyde, process them as whole mounts for in-situ hybridization, postfix in formaldehyde, then perform whole-mount immunoperoxidase histochemistry with QCPN antibody to detect the quail cells. After this, they can be embedded in wax and sectioned. Methods for this have been published elsewhere in some detail (18). 

Sensitive and biochemical methods for SBA are now currently available. The problem of its usefulness in diagnosis is still unsolved and a large-scale prospective studies on SBA related to disease are needed. A quality control study has been performed 11 laboratories located in c fferent parts of Italy have analyzed SBA by different techniques. The results obtained suggest that at the present time the analysis of serum bile acid requires further standardization, due to different analytical information obtained using various techniques. One of the more sensitive method for SBA seems to be the immunological procedure and several kits are commercially available, but for the above reasons none of them measures the same acid. On the other hand, the enzymatic method measures total bile acid with low sensitivity. 

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