Analysis, cadmium

Table 3 Performances of the participants in the proficiency testing for cadmium analysis in the spiked pure water...

Figure 22. Recorder signal for cadmium analysis in seawater and seawater spiked with 0.5 ppb of cadmium (recorder scale expansion, 5X chart speed, 160 mm/min)...

Herber, R.F.M., Stoeppler, M. and Tonks, D.B. (1990b) Cooperative interlaboratory surveys of cadmium analysis in urine. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 338, 279. 

Lauwerys, R., Buchet, J., Roels, H., Berlin, A. and Smeets, J. (1975) Intercomparison program of lead, mercury and cadmium analysis in blood, urine and aqueous solution-s, Clin. Chem. 21,551. 

Stoeppler, M. (1986). Recent methodological progress in cadmium analysis. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 2Z 231-239. 

Weighed tissue samples (kidney, liver, meat, bone and wool) of approximately 1 and 0.5 g CRM 185 bovine liver were placed in PTFE vessels, 5 ml of concentrated HNO3 and 5 ml of distilled H2O were added. A microwave oven program with temperature and pressure settings of 150°C and 130 p.s.i., respectively, was performed for all analyzed matrices. The digestion solutions were diluted to a final volume of 50 ml all dilution, excluding blood samples, were performed with 1% HNO3. Zinc analysis was performed on a Flame AAS 2100 (Perkin-Elmer), with an air-acetylene flame. Lead and cadmium analysis was performed on a GF-AAS 5100 ZL (Perkin-Elmer). Analysis on GF-AAS were carried out under stabilized temperature platform furnace (STPF) conditions. 

Analysis of hair can often serve as a lead to even more complicated disorders. For example, a study by Capel et al. [166] indicated significantly higher concentrations of cadmium in hair from dyslexic children than in a normal control group. These scientists suggest that cadmium analysis of hair may be used in early detection and that excessive cadmium may be involved in this type of learning disorder. 

The CDC recommends that blood samples be shipped with a cool pak to keep the samples cold during shipment. However, the CTQ routinely ships and receives blood samples for cadmium analysis that have not been kept cool during shipment. The CTQ has found no deterioration of cadmium in biological fluids that were shipped via parcel post without a cooling agent, even though these deliveries often take 2 weeks to reach their destination. 

CDU Is bound principally to metallothionein, regardless of whether the cadmium originates from metallothionein in plasma or from the cadmium pool accumulated in the renal tubules. Therefore, measurement of metallothionein in urine may provide information similar to CDU, while avoiding the contamination problems that may occur during collection and handling urine for cadmium analysis (Nordberg and Nordberg 1988). However, a commercial method for the determination of metallothionein at the sensitivity levels required under the final cadmium rule is not currently available therefore, analysis of CDU is recommended. 

Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS) 0.04 Urine Pruszkowska et al. (1983) Methods of choice for routine cadmium analysis. 

Table 1 Analytical procedures using ICP for cadmium analysis in biological materials.

To assure the accuracy and comparabihty of the results with other laboratories, an appropriate external quality assessment is necessary. For external quality control, participation in a round robin test is recommended. There are various quality control programs containing cadmium in blood and urine, e.g., the international program of the German External QuaUty Assessment Scheme (E-QUAS), where cadmium analysis can be tested for the concentration range found in occupational and environmental medicine [48], or the external quahty assessment schemes of the Centre of Toxicology in the National Institute of Public Health of Quebec [49]. 

---