1,4-butanediol butanol

There are some other mixtures that are predominantly aliphatic that are associated with stinker beans. These contain extraordinarily increased amounts of methanol, ethanol, acetone, acetic acid, 2-butanediol, butanols, 2,3-pentanedione, 3-pentanone, and butane.25... 

Chemicals. Although the amount of butylenes produced ia the United States is roughly equal to the amounts of ethylene and propylene produced, the amount consumed for chemical use is considerably less. Thus, as shown ia Table 10, the utilisation of either ethylene or propylene for each of at least five principal chemical derivatives is about the same or greater than the utilisa tion of butenes for butadiene, their main use. This production is only about one-third of the total the two-thirds is derived directiy from butane. The undedyiag reasons are poorer price—performance compared to derivatives of ethylene and propylene and the lack of appHcations of butylene derivatives. Some of the products are more easily derived from 1-, 2-, and 3-carbon atom species, eg, butanol, 1,4-butanediol, and isobutyl alcohol (see Acetylene-DERIVED chemicals Butyl alcohols). 

Butanediol Acetone Isopropyl esters n-Butanol 2-ElJiylhexanDl 2-Butene -i- ethylene... 

However, in most cases, relation (48) does not account for results obtained under experimental conditions used in industry, i.e. high reactant concentrations. Othmer carried out a detailed study in this field and suggested second-order reactions for the esterifications of n-butanol with acetic acid245 and monobutyl terephthalate246 catalyzed by sulfuric acid. Since such relations cannot be established in all cases, no reaction order could be found for the esterification of 2,3-butanediol with acetic arid247 in the presence of sulfuric add. Moreover, Othmer s reaction orders were obtained for very concentrated media and in our opinion cannot be connected to a mechanism. In fact, this was not Othmer s objective who established these relations for practical use in industrial esterifications. 

MethyloU2-Butanol (2-Methyl-l,3-butanediol or a >Dioxy-/3-methylbutane). CH3.CH(OH).CH(CH2OH).CH3 mw 104.15, viscous oil, bp 200° 98—99° at 9mm. Sol in w, v sol in ale and eth. Can be prepd either by reduction of the corresponding aldehyde, 2-methylbutanol(3)-al-(l) with A1 amalgam (Ref 1), or by electrolytic reduction in 10% sulfuric acid of the corresponding ketone ale. In the latter case, methyl-2-butanone-3-ol-(l), obtained by the condensation of methylethylketone with formaldehyde, can be used. On nitration, it yields an expl dinitrate Refs 1) Beil 1,482,(250) 2)L.P.Kyria-kides, JACS 36, 535(1914)... 

Finally, reaction of primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohols 11 with Me3SiCl 14 in the presence of equivalent amounts of DMSO leads via 789 and 790 to the chloro compounds 791 [13]. n-Pentanol, benzyl alcohol, yS-phenylefhanol or tert-butanol are readily converted, after 10 min reaction time, into their chloro compounds, in 89-95% yield, yet cyclohexanol affords after reflux for 4 h cyclohexyl chloride 784 in only 6% yield [13] (Scheme 6.5). 1,4-Butanediol is cyclized to tetrahydrofuran (THF) [13a], whereas other primary alcohols are converted in 90-95% yield into formaldehyde acetals on heating with TCS 14 and DMSO in benzene [13b] (cf also the preparation of formaldehyde di(n-butyl)acetal 1280 in Section 8.2.1). 

Butanediol dehydration, 41 155 Butane-2,3-dione synthesis, 41 302-303 Butanethiol, dissociation, 37 292 -Butanol, see 1-Butanol 2-Butanol... 

The yield of 1,3-PD for this reaction is 67% (mol/mol). If biomass formation is considered the theoretical maximal yield reduces to 64%. In the actual fermentation a number of other by-products are formed, i. e., ethanol, lactic acid, succinic acid, and 2,3-butanediol, by the enterobacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii and Enterobacter agglomerans, butyric acid by Clostridium butyricum, and butanol by Clostridium pasteurianum (Fig. 1). All these by-products are associated with a loss in 1,3-PD relative to acetic acid, in particular ethanol and butanol, which do not contribute to the NADH2 pool at all. 

Butanediol 1-butanethiol Butanic Acid Butanoic Acid Butanol... 

Stereochemical specificity fe manifest in the reaction of frans-2,3-epoxybutane with acetic acid, which Wjiustein and Lucas reported to give only ryJAre-2-acetoxy-3-butanol (Eq. 746). Hydrolysis leads to optically inactiveme o-2,3-hutanediol. Similarly, Bdeeeken and Cohen1 had described previously the preparation of racemic [Pg.460]

Temperature-dependent data have been selected for 25°C as far as available in these sources, unless the solvent is not liquid at this temperature. Such solvents, from among the List, are /-butanol (No. 310), c-hexanol (No. 360), -dodecanol (No. 390), 1,4-butanediol (No. 540), phenol (No. 590), 2-methylphenol (No. 600), 4-methyl- phenol (No. 620), 2-methoxyphenol (No. 630), 3-chlorophenol (No. 650), phenyl-acetone (No. 1060), / -methylacetophenone (No. 1070), benzophenone (No. 1090), ethylene carbonate (No. 1350), diethanolamine (No. 1940), 2-cyanopyridine (No. 2040), N-methylacetamide (No. 2240), di- -butylsulfoxide (No. 2410), sulfolane (No. 2420) hexamethyl thiophosphoramide (No. 2520), hydrogen fluoride (No. 2540), ammonia (No. 2560), and sulfur dioxide (No. 2580). Several of these have melting points sufficiently close to 25°C, so that they are readily used in the slightly supercooled state, and values for this... 

Coordination complex formation of alkoxyalcohols (8, 9, 10, 14), 2-butanol (15) and 1,3-butanediol (16, Scheme 7) with the zinc salt of DBTA was investigated, too. [25] The resolving agent (DBTAZn) was prepared again from DBTA monohydrate and zinc oxide or zinc acetate in aqueous ethyl alcohol solution. 

Interest in bioconversion of polysaccharides into refined chemicals has vacillated with the market price of traditional sources. Due to its relatively low production cost, Jerusalem artichoke-derived inulin is an attractive feedstock for commercial production of several common reagents (e.g., ethanol, acetone, butanol, 2,3-butanediol, lactic acid, succinic acid) (Barthomeuf et al., 1991 Drent and Gottschal, 1991 Drent et al., 1991,1993 Fages et al., 1986 Fuchs, 1987 Marchal et al., 1985 Middlehoven et al., 1993). Selection of the appropriate microorganism (Table 5.8) and fermentation conditions is essential for maximizing the yield of a desired component. 

Males of the scarab beede Amphimatton solstitialis are attracted to the pheromone (/ )-3-hydro.xy-2-butanone (A62), released by both males and females.368 Although the ( -enantiomer and 2,3-butanediol (A4) are also produced, they were not active in the field. 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone of unknown enantiomeric composition is the major sex pheromone component of male cockroach Leucophaea mademe2m The rhinoceros beetle Scapanes australis uses a 84 12 4 mixture of 2-butanol (A61) (R/S 67 33), 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (A62), and 2,3-butanediol (A4, RJl/S,S/meso 43 17 40), whereas the pheromone of another rhinoceros beetle Strategus aloeus is a 95.5 4.0 0.5 mixture of2-butanone (A63), 3-pentanone (A66), and 1-methylpropyl acetate (A64). As mixtures of all components of the natural secretion were used in this study, it is not clear whether all compounds really possess pheromonal activity.369... 

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