Burn pond

The Weaton-Najarian zinc condenser was commercialized in 1936. The condenser and cooling well of the electrothermic furnace hold 48 t of molten zinc. Hot zinc-laden gases bubble through the zinc in the condenser and cause rapid circulation through the cooling well which is kept at 480—500°C by water coils. The off-gases are scmbbed and burned for fuel value. Scmbber water is ponded to recover blue powder. 

Prevailing wind locate hazardous vents, burning flares, waste burning pits, waste settling ponds down-wind of plant proper. 

Burns DG, HM Camakaris, PH Janssen, ML Dyall-Smith (2004) Combined nse of cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent methods indicates that members of most haloarchaeal groups in an Australian crystallizer pond are cnltivable. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 5258-5265. 

Equipment that may spill inflammable materials Blowdown tanks Burning flares Settling ponds... 

Luginbuhl, J.M., Pond, K.R. and Burns, J.C. (1994) Whole-tract digesta kinetics and... 

The burning of the uranium-based nuclear fuel causes a cavalcade of chemical and physical transformations. Nuclear reactions lead to the formation of a variety of actinide elements, for example, Np, Pu, Am, and Cm, as radioactive fission products. As a result of the production of these highly radioactive elements, burnt nuclear fuel must be allowed to cool until the short-hved isotopes decay away and reduce the thermal generation. The cooling typically takes place in either water ponds or engineered dry casks/facilities. 

Condensation of phosphorus vapor by direct contact with a water shower economically provides the efficient heat transfer necessary for condensation and provides the protective water covering to prevent the phosphorus from burning in air. It also places some dissolved (solubility ca. 3 mg/L [23]) and some colloidal phosphorus into the water layer. To prevent loss of this toxic form of phosphorus to surface waters, condensers are normally operated on a total water recycle basis from a lagoon or a holding pond reservoir. 

The philosophy of pulp mill emission control is to recover as much fiber as possible before employing other treatment measures. Recovery is obtained by sedimentation and/or flotation methods. Sedimentation may be conducted in a pond, which is periodically drained and the settled material removed (as a semibatch process). Or a clarifier (which operates in a similar manner to a thickener) may be used for continuous operation. The sediment collected contains 90-95% water plus fiber and grit solids. For disposal the waste is dewatered to 50-60% solids in a filter or centrifuge and then burned, which accomplishes both disposal and can permit energy recovery. 

Senum and Gaffney (49). Biomass burning and fossil fuels are the only known significant sources of methane more 13c-enrlched than -49 /oo (48), and they apparently account for a relatively small fraction of the total input. Bubble ebullition Is the dominant mode of methane Input to the atmosphere from some shallow freshwater (50) and marine (51) aquatic environments. All of the gas samples analyzed for this work were collected as bubbles from sediments covered by very shallow (Im or less) water. Three of the freshwater lakes (Crescent Lake, Mirror Lake and Kilmer Pond) have been observed to release gas bubbles from their sediments, and It Is very likely that active bubbling also occurs in the other environments studied here. There is a good deal of variation ( v24°/oo) In the data presented here (Table l) ... 

In air, strontium compounds are present mostly as dust. Emissions from burning coal and oil increase strontium levels in air. The amount of strontium that has been measured in air in different parts of the United States by the EPA ranges from not detected to 20 trillionths of a gram (g) per cubic meter (m3). Very small dust particles of strontium in the air fall out of the air onto surface water, plant surfaces, and soil either by themselves or when rain or snow falls. These particles of strontium eventually end up back in the soil or in the bottoms of lakes, rivers, and ponds, where they stay and mix with strontium that is already there. 

Leachates associated with incineration wastes, bum pit soils, and filtration ponds have been identified. The solids composition in these wastes would likely depend on the nature and completeness of the burning process. The bum wastes are generally poorly characterized very little data are available. 

Beryllium is also present in solid and liquid fossil fuels. The burning of coal and oil emits beryllium particulates that may continue to circulate in the air for some time or settle into waterways. In lakes and ponds, the beryllium generally settles harmlessly to the bottom, but may enter drinking water reservoirs via rivers and streams, and has shown a marked abundance in Precambrian aquifers. In drinking water, levels exceeding the Environmental Protection Agency s maximum contaminant level of 4 parts per billion are extremely rare, but are most likely to occur near areas where industries dump wastewater. 

Coal contains heavy metals because it is made by compressed organic matter that includes a variety of elements. The mining and burning of coal release toxic metals like mercury, arsenic, and cadmium, into the environment. The largest source of toxic pollutants in the US, due to coal ash and coal waste, is the electric power sector [22]. Each year the burning of coal generates millions of tons of waste. Some of this waste is used in new products and the rest is stored in ponds or pits. 

The use of coal tar pitch and/or bitumen in BURs has declined with the introduction of modified, petroleum-derived asphalt heated to 480 F as a sealer. The asphalts have several advantages over coal tar pitch, not the least of which relates to the reduction in skin irritation. Although asphalt possesses similar flow characteristics to pitch, it does not possess the same level of resistance to ponded water therefore, coal tars continue to be used, especially as a priming layer over the roofing felt. Nowadays, most coal tar pitch is so-called type-III bitumen, low fuming , no-burn coal tar derivative, which contains reduced amounts of irritants. 

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