Bupivacaine infiltration

AMIODARONE ANAESTHETICS - LOCAL Risk of 1 BP Additive myocardial depression Particular care should be taken to avoid inadvertent intravenous administration during bupivacaine infiltration monitor PR, BP and ECG during epidural administration of bupivacaine... 

Brooker CD, Lawson AD. Convulsions following bupivacaine infiltration for excision of carotid body tumour. Anaesth Intensive Care I993 2I(6) 877-8. 

Kanna PR, Sekar C, Shetty AP, Rajasekaran S. Transient paraplegia due to accidental intrathecal bupivacaine infiltration following pre-emptive analgesia in a patient with missed sacral dural ectasia. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010 35 E1444-6. 

Chloroprocaine hydrochloride [3858-89-7] is characterized by low potency, rapid onset, short duration of action, and low systemic toxicity. It is indicated for infiltration anesthesia at 1—2% and for extradural anesthesia at 2—3% when short surgical procedures are performed under regional anesthesia. Chloroprocaine may be mixed with long duration agents such as bupivacaine (22, R = n-Q [) to afford a more rapid onset and shorter duration of action than bupivacaine alone. 

Amide-type agents include articaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, prilocaine, mepivacain and ropiva-caine. These are metabolized in the liver by microsomal enzymes with amidase activity. The amide group is preferred for parenteral and local use. If by accident rapidly administered intravascularly these agents, especially bupivacaine but also lidocaine, can produce serious and potentially lethal adverse effects including convulsions and cardiac arrest. They can more easily accumulate after multiple administrations. Intravenous lidocaine is sometimes used for regional anesthesia, for infiltration procedures, for the induction of nerve blockade and for epidural anesthesia. However, it is also used as an antiarrhythmic. Bupivacaine is a long-acting local anesthetic used for peripheral nerve blocks and epidural anesthesia. 

Lidocaine is used for all forms of infiltration anaesthesia, in addition to peripheral, regional, spinal and epidural block. Unlike bupivacaine, it is suitable for use in intravenous regional anaesthesia. Duration of anaesthesia is about 1 hour but this can be prolonged to 2 hours by the addition of adrenaline. The maximum doses are shown in Table 5.2. 

The choice of local anesthetic for infiltration, peripheral nerve blocks, and central neuraxis (spinal/epidural) blockade is usually based on the duration of action required. Procaine and chloroprocaine are short-acting lidocaine, mepivacaine, and prilocaine have an intermediate duration of action and tetracaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine are long-... 

Clinical use Because of its long duration of action, bupivacaine is indicated for long surgical anesthesia where a considerable amount of postoperative pain is expected such as dental and oral surgeries. Infiltration using a 0.25 % solution of bupivacaine produces sensory anesthesia with an onset of 2 to 5 min and a duration of 2 to 4 h or greater (Tetzlaff, 2000). A nerve conduction block with a duration of between 4 to 8 h and occasionally up to 24 h is achieved with injection of 0.5 to 0.75 %... 

With local infiltration, toxic side-effects like convulsions and cardiovascular collaps occur in the dose range of 2.5 to 3 mg/kg body weight. Because of its systemic toxicity, bupivacaine is contraindicated for intravenous regional anesthesia. 

Clinical use Etidocaine in combination with adrenaline is employed for infiltration anesthesia using solutions of 0.5% and peripheral nerve block at 0.5 and 1.0 % with a duration of 3 to 12 h (Tetzlaff, 2000). Epidural anesthesia is achieved with 1.0 to 1.5 % solutions with a duration of 3 to 5 h. Due to a profound motor block sometimes associated with unsatisfactory sensory block etidocaine is disadvantegous compared to bupivacaine. 

Bupivacaine Marcaine, Sensor-caine Slow to Intermediate Long Infiltration Peripheral nerve block Epidural Spinal Sympathetic block... 

A 13-year-old girl developed tonic-clonic seizures followed by ventricular fibrillation after subcutaneous infiltration of extensive skin abrasions with 30 mg (0.5 mg/kg) of bupivacaine over about 1 hour. She was successfully resuscitated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation and intubation, intravenous diazepam, adrenaline, and sodium bicarbonate (14). 

A stroke occurred after infiltration of the tonsillar bed with bupivacaine subsequent to tonsillectomy (348). 

The local anesthetics used most frequently for infiltration anesthesia are lidocaine (0.5-1%), procaine (0.5-1%), and bupivacaine (0.125-0.25%). When used without epinephrine, up to 4.5 mg/kg of lidocaine, 7 mg/kg of procaine, or 2 mg/kg of bupivacaine can be employed in adults. When epinephrine is added, these amounts can be increased by one-third. 

The choice of local anesthetic and the amount and concentration administered are determined by the nerves and the types of fibers to be blocked, the required duration of anesthesia, and the size and health of the patient. For blocks of 2-4 hours, lidocaine (1-1.5%) can be used in the amounts recommended above (see Infiltration Anesthesia ). Mepivacaine (up to 7 mg/kg of a 1-2% solution) provides anesthesia that lasts about as long as that from lidocaine. Bupivacaine (2-3 mg/kg of a 0.25-0.375% solution) can be used when a longer duration of action is required. Addition of 5 pg/mL epinephrine slows systemic absorption and, therefore, prolongs duration and lowers the plasma concentration of the intermediate-acting local anesthetics. 

Bupivacaine (e.g., Marcaine) Infiltration, spinal, epidural, and nerve block anesthesia. Long duration increases utility for epidural block during labor. Similar to lidocaine. IV administration may induce ventricular arrhythmias. 

Twenty patients undergoing surgery were given repeated 1-mg intravenous doses of midazolam as induction anaesthesia every 30 seconds until they failed to respond to three repeated commands to squeeze the anaesthetist s hand. This was considered as the induction end-point titrated dose. It was found that the 10 who had been given prior spinal anaesthesia with tetracaine 12 mg needed only half the dose of midazolam (7.6 mg) than the 10 other patients who had not received tetracaine (14.7 mg). The reasons are not known. The authors of this report simply advise care in this situation. In another study in which patients were given intravenous midazolam following an intramuscular injection of either bupivacaine, lidocaine or saline, it was found that both anaesthetics enhanced the effect of midazolam. This effect was dose-dependent and it was concluded that the use of lidocaine or bupivacaine for regional blocks or local infiltration could alter the effect of midazolam from sedative to hypnotic. ... 

Nervous system Transient paraplegia due to accidental intrathecal infiltration of bupivacaine after pre-emptive analgesia has... 

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