Bulk organic chemicals

Bulk organic chemicals include all the precursors to plastics, as well as the relatively simple chemicals such as acetone or benzene or organic acids. Also in this category, of course, are the major industries devoted to the manufacture of polymeric materials of all kinds. (The term petrochemicals is also covered here to mean those chemicals made from petroleum as a raw material, although the products are the same as if made from any other raw material.) 

Not surprisingly, the main decanter applications lie in the wet polymerisation of monomers to form  

Other petrochemicals, especially terephthalic acid and PTA, and nylon, as well as polyethylene and polypropylene, require flameproof equipment, and use the vertical decanter, which can be pressurised, and will operate at higher temperatures. These also have polished flights, and chamfered flight tips, without hard surfacing. 

Another important organic chemical is p-xylene, whose production uses decanters suitable for low temperature operation, and fitted with a screen bowl. 

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Uses. The principal uses of NaBH are ia synthesis of pharmaceuticals (qv) and fine organic chemicals removal of trace impurities from bulk organic chemicals wood-pulp bleaching, clay leaching, and vat-dye reductions and removal and recovery of trace metals from plant effluents. 

Applicability description of the bulk organic chemicals subcategory Yes 40 CFR 414.70 EPA1987b... 

EPA. 1987b. Bulk organic chemicals. Applicability description of the bulk organic chemicals subcategory. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR 414.70. 

Bulk Organic Chemicals in Wastewater from Sources of Organic Chemicals, Plastics and Yes 40 CFR 414.70 EPA 1987e... 

Liquid extraction systems consist either of pure solvents and mixtures, but may also contain additives. The application of single solvent or simple mixtures is well-known in classical physical extractions when using bulk organic chemicals (toluene, butanol, etc.) to extract a solute. Today, a new class of solvents is that of ionic liquids [10], which are low-melting organic salts where the cation is, for example, from... 

The largest use of industrial hydrogen is in ammonia synthesis, in the catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated liquid vegetable oils to solid, edible fats (margarine), and in the manufacture of bulk organic chemicals, particularly methanol, by the Oxo Process using a cobalt catalyst ... 

Effluent Guidelines and Standards - Organic Chemicals, Plastics, and Synthetic Fibers - Bulk Organic Chemicals (2-butoxyethanol)... 

Butoxyethanol is regulated under the Clean Water Act s Effluent Guidelines as stated in Title 40, Part 414 of the Code of Federal Regulations. The point source category for which 2-butoxyethanol is controlled as a bulk organic chemical is organic chemicals, plastics, and synthetic fibers (EPA 1987). 

Examples of a successful effort to utilize sucrose as feedstock for the manufacture of bulk organic chemicals are the announcements of several companies of the production of bioethylene from sugar via bioethanol. Based on such green ethylene, Crystalsev and Dow Chemicals are planning to start the production of... 

Nevertheless, the world economy remains oil-based and the production of almost the whole range of petrochemical and bulk organic chemical products (with a few exceptions, like methanol, urea, and cyanic acid) is still oriented toward the processing of liquid fossil hydrocarbons as the principal raw materials. Also, the same liquid hydrocarbons dominate in the production of motor fuels and lubricants. However, most if not all of the products traditionally produced from oil can be also obtained from gaseous hydrocarbons, including light alkanes. Unfortunately, up to now their utilization in the chemical industry is not satisfying. 

Figures 1-3 Coates, C. F. In "A System of Hazard Evaluation for a Medium-Sized Manufacturer of Bulk Organic Chemicals" I. CHEM. E. SYMPOSIUM SERIES NO. 68, The Institution of Chemical Engineers Rugby, England, 1981 p. 4/Y l, 4/Y 13. 

Process waste water discharges resulting from the manufacture of bulk organic chemicals... 

Thereafter, the operations of the petrochemical industry, or more accurately bulk organic chemical industry, centre on chemistry, with extensive use of catalysis to permit the use of the cheapest feedstock available and eliminate expensive reagents. However, potential changes in raw material availabilities and environmental pressures need a flexible response, possibly illustrated by the variety of production routes to acetic (ethanoic) acid and anhydride described in section 12.5. The remaining aliphatic chemical products are dealt with in carbon number sequence, followed by aromatics and nylon intermediates. 

After graduation and a spell in research at Cambridge University, John Pennington joined the Research and Development laboratories attached to a manufacturing site for bulk organic chemicals near Hull, now owned by BP Chemicals. The work primarily involved factory support and new process development, in both laboratory and pilot plant, but occasionally more speculative research. John progressed in a technical capacity, latterly as a company-wide internal consultant until (early) retirement (at the end of 1988). 

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