Coal combustion wastes

Hopkins, W.A., M.T. Mendonca, C.L. Rowe, and J.D. Congdon. 1998. Elevated trace metal concentrations in southern toads, Bufo terrestris, exposed to coal combustion waste. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35 325-329. 

Glasser, F. P. 2004. Coal Combustion Wastes Characterisation, Reuse and Disposal. In Giere, R. Stille, P. (eds) Energy, Waste, and the Environment a Geochemical Perspective. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 236, 211-222. 

Coal combustion wastes characterization, reuse and disposal... 

Coal will continue in the foreseeable future as a major source of energy, and thus coal combustion waste will continue to be generated. However, problems associated with near-surface and shallow disposal of combustion products have already arisen and, as the geochemical footprint of disposal sites continues to spread, affecting surface and groundwater quality, disposal practices are likely to increasingly attract critical attention. 

Reuss M. 1983. Comparison of different methods for estimating the leaching of heavy metals from coal combustion wastes. Nat Sci Tech 15 193-205. 

Coal gasification, fluidized-bed coal combustion, waste incineration Separation of metal dust, fiu-idized-bed coal combustion, waste incineration Catalyst recovery, coal-fired boilers, metal smelting, soot filtration Applications up to 1500 C Coal gasification, fluidized-bed coal combustion, waste incineration, soot filtration... 

Hopkins WA, Snodgrass JW, Roe JH, Staub BP, Jackson BP, Congdon JD (2002a) Effects of food ration on survival and sublethal responses of lake chubsuckers (Erimyzon sucetta) exposed to coal combustion wastes. Aquatic Toxicology 57 191-202... 

Zhuang et al. 1999, Yao et al. 2003). As a consequence, the particulate matter is enriched in sodium. In Fig. 2.29, the measured ratio Rmeas = [Na]/[C1] is given for different chlorine reservoirs in sea water Rseawater = 0.86 (molar ratio mass ratio amount 0.56). Thus, deviations to higher values indicate Cl loss. However over continents and in polluted air masses, so-called excess chloride may occur, which is mainly caused by human activity (coal combustion, waste incineration, salt industries). This excess chloride can be calculated according to Eq. (2.83) however, there are two preconditions (a) that there are no sodium sources other than sea salt, and (b) that the local reference value of Rseasait is known. In older literature, instead of Rseasait, authors used the seawater bulk value Rseawater = 0.86. 

Large-volume coal combustion wastes (CCW) generated at electric utility and independent... 

The pyrolysis and combustion products from RTEmp fluid were given in Tables 8 and 9, respectively. The highest-yield pyrolysis products were cyclopentadiene, benzene, and toluene, while the highest-yield combustion products were benzene, phenol, and acetic acid. While these types of products are moderately toxic, they are by no means unique to this fluid. Many of these products have been detected in this laboratory as decomposition products from maple wood. In fact, most if not all of the compounds shown in Tables 8 and 9 have been detected from a variety of combustion sources, such as coal combustion, waste incinerationj coal/refuse combustion, and automobile and truck engine exhaust ... 

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