Broad Areas of Application

We can use Chipperfield s writing to outline four broad areas where their roles are central (Chipperfield, 1999). 

Solvent extraction is the process in which one or more solutes partition selectively between two immiscible liquid phases. The process has many applications  

Potential criteria for the choice of a solvent inclnde the chemistry of the extraction involved and the miscibility with the other solvents in the process. One set of criteria concerns the physical properties of the solvent its density, viscosity, surface tension, volatility, and so on. Fnrther criteria for the choice of a solvent are its availability, cost, toxicity, hazardonsness, and other aspects of environmental acceptability. 

Carry oxygen and hemoglobin through the arteries, veins, and capillaries of living animals Used in polymer manufacture to create porosity Initiates reactions and accelerates their rate, without being consumed. Usually by means of acidic or basic properties. 

Eorms stable chelates with metal ions without causing irreversible damage 

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Detailed illustrations and examples are used throughout to develop basic statistical methodology for deahng with a broad area of applications. However, in addition to this material, there are many specialized topics as well as some veiy subtle areas which have not been discussed. The references should be used for more detailed information. 

Freshly extracted degassing crude oil can be defoamed with fluorinated nor-bomylsiloxanes [171]. The compounds are highly effective and show a broad area of application for defoaming degassing crude oils of different origins. The compounds can be used in concentrations as small as 20 ppm. 

Two broad areas of application for xylanolytic enzymes have been identified (1). The first involves the use of xylanases with other hydrolytic enzymes in the bioconversion of wastes such as those from the forest and agricultural industries, and in the clarification and liquification of juices, vegetables and fruits. For these purposes, the enzyme preparations need only to be filtered and concentrated as essentially no further purification is required. Several specific examples of applications involving crude xylanase preparations include bioconversion of cellulosic materials for subsequent fermentation (2) hydrolysis of pulp waste liquors and wood extractives to monomeric sugars for subsequent production of single cell protein (3-5). Xylose produced by the action of xylanases can be used for subsequent production of higher value compounds such as ethanol (6), xylulose (7) and xyIonic acid (8-9). 

The contribution of Babu and Naskar gives a comprehensive overview on the recent developments of the thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) with special reference to the technological advancement. TPVs combine high volume molding capability of thermoplastic with elastomeric properties of thermoset rubber. Therefore, they land themselves to broad area of applications in various fields. 

Interest in the chemistry of functional groups covalently bound at heterogeneous interfaces has intensified steadily over the past decade concurrent with the increasing importance of three broad areas of application heterogeneous catalysis, polymeric... 

A broad area of application of plasticizing action of the medium is the use of surface active substances in the treatment of metals by pressure (dragging, rolling, impact extrusion). Plastification of surface layers of the treated metal due to the surface active components incorporated into greases and lubricants significantly reduces loads that one needs to apply in order to carry out these processes. It also improves the quality of the surface and decreases the level of internal stresses in the near-surface layers of a metal... 

The same fundamental phenomenon, that is, the great increase in wettability on UV illumination, can be used in two broad areas of applications, that is, self-cleaning surfaces and antifogging or antibeading surfaces. Both of these areas are treated briefly. 

Within the radical polymer field, two broad areas of application for ab initio kinetic modeling are model development and process optimization. The RAFT case study presented in this chapter is an example of the former type of application we are currently using the same ab initio approach to conventional radical polymerization to develop better models for predicting copolymer composition and microstructure, structural defect formation as a result of side reactions, and the effect of solvent and additives on the stereochemistry of the resulting polymer. 

Acrylic adhesives can be used to replace spot welding where immediate handling of the joined metal parts is required. Another broad area of application is for bonding dissimilar substrates, including metals and other materials with different coefficients of expansion. 

Wampler and Levy [1] have discussed factors affecting reproducibility in pyrolysis - gas chromatography (Py-GC) such as sample size, sample inhomogeneity, and pyrolyser design. There are two broad areas of application of Py-GC. The first is its use as a means of qualitatively identifying unknown polymers, for example, competitors products or in forensic investigations. This fingerprinting approach, useful as it is, is not pursued further in this book. 

Section 2 describes the biological effects of radiation as the scientific basis for various objectives and principles Section 3 sets forth the objectives and Sections 4 and 5 set out the principles in accordance with which the objectives are to be achieved for the two broad areas of application — practices and interventions Section 6 supplements these basic principles with the major implementation principles and Section 7 outlines those aspects of infrastructure that are common and needed for the application of principles in both areas. 

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