Brine pumping

Sa.Ia.rs and Lakes. Brines having high lithium concentration are found in salars of northern Chile, southwestern Bohvia, and northwestern Argentina. Brines of lower lithium concentration are found in salars in the western United States and the Tibetan Plateau. Brines pumped from beneath the surface of the Salar de Atacama (Chile) and Silver Peak (Clayton Valley, Nevada) are used for commercial production of lithium uti1i2ing solar evaporation (see Chemicals frombrines). The concentration of selected ions in brines from salars and lakes of potential commercial interest worldwide are shown in Table 1. 

Water and brine pumps may be isolated with flexible connectors. For small-bore pipes, these can be ordinary reinforced rubber hose, suitably fastened at each end. For larger pipes, corrugated or bellows connectors of various types can be obtained. In all cases, the main pipe must be securely fixed close to the connector, so that the latter absorbs all the vibration. Flexible connectors for the refrigerant usually take the form of corrugated metal hose, wrapped and braided. They should be placed as close to the compressor as possible. 

Artificial ice rinks are frozen shallow ponds, formed and maintained using a brine in tubes buried under the surface. Tubes may be steel or plastic for a permanent rink or plastic for a temporary installation. The brine temperature within the pipes will be about - 11°C, and must be lower for rinks in the open air, owing to high solar radiation loads. Packaged liquid chillers are now generally used, and will be transportable, complete with brine pumps and other apparatus, for temporary installations. 

In 1808, Sir Humphry Davy reported the production of Mg in the form of an amalgam by electrolytic reduction of its oxide using a Hg cathode. In 1828, the Fr scientist A. Bussy fused Mg chloride with metallic K and became the first to produce free metallic Mg. Michael Faraday, in 1833, was the first to produce free metallic Mg by electrolysis, using Mg chloride. For many years, however, the metal remained a laboratory curiosity. In 1886, manuf of Mg was undertaken on a production scale in Ger, using electrolysis of fused Mg chloride. Until 1915, Ger remained the sole producer of Mg. However, when a scarcity of Mg arose in the USA as a result of the Brit blockade of Ger in 1915, and the price of Mg soared from 1.65 to 5.00 per lb, three producers initiated operations and thus started a Mg industry in the USA. Subsequently, additional companies attempted production of Mg, but by 1920 only two producers remained — The Dow Chemical Co (one of the original three producers) and. the American Magnesium Corn. In 1927. the latter ceased production, and Dow continued to be the sole domestic producer until 1941. The source of Mg chloride was brine pumped from deep wells. In 1941, Dow put a plant into operation at Freeport, Texas, obtaining Mg chloride from sea-... 

Example The brine temperature is set at -30 °C I °C. The brine temperature has been for some time between -31 °C and -30.5 °C, It rises e. g. in 2 h from this range to -30 °C and -29.5 °C. Warning of this trend is helpful Either the pumping speed of the brine pump is reduced or the injection valve of the refrigerant has shifted or the refrigerant compressor has changed its capacity. 

Analyze The inspection system on the motor of the brine pump shows no warning, the temperature of the refrigerant before the injection valve is constant. It follows, that the injection valve has shifted and should be adjusted. 

The impeller within a large sodium chloride brine pump in a closed loop system of a chlorine plant needed to be replaced. The job was not assigned to the regular maintenance crew, but... 

Bromine can be prepared in the laboratory by the action of sulfuric acid on a mixture of sodium bromide and manganese dioxide, in the apparatus shown in Figure 13-2. Until recently most of the bromine used coipmercially was made in this way, from sodium bromide and potassium bromide mined from the Stassfurt deposits in Germany, or from brines pumped from wells in the eastern and central United States. During the past twenty-fi e years there has occurred a very great increase in the amount of bromine manufactured, until at present over 10,000 tons a year is being made. 

Crude oil and brine pumps may be centrifugal or positive displacement, but must be capable of providing steady flow to the mixing device because emulsion properties are highly dependent on the resulting crude-oil-brine ratio. Surfactant may be dissolved in the brine phase on a batch or continuous basis. Static mixers provide a simple method for the preparation step because they require no moving parts, are easy to scale up, and provide an mixing intensity that is suited to preparation of transport emulsions. 

Incomplete feed-product heat exchange All work input to both compressors Work input of recycle brine pumps... 

Brine feeding system, flowmetres This is required for feeding the brine into electrolytic cell Electrolysis is affected if brine pump fails/flow is not proper Keep spare pump, or gravity flow fi om storage... 

As more membrane-cell plants come on line, the use of dual pipelines between wells and plant will become more conunon. Saturated brine from the wells will be pumped to the plant and depleted brine pumped back for resaturation. When there is a high point or a substantial difference in elevation between the two sites, much of the pumping energy, at least in one direction, will be expended in lifting the brine. This creates an opportunity to use an energy-recovery turbine to assist at least one of the pumps. 

A tension scar produced by wild-brine pumping, Cheshire, England. Note the flash (lake) In the top right-hand comer. 

Whenever possible, salts are obtained by simply mining them. Many kinds of salts can be obtained by evaporating water from a few salt-rich inland sea waters or from brines pumped from beneath the ground. However, most salts cannot be obtained so directly, and must be made by chemical processes. Some of these processes will be discussed here. 

Figure 10.12 Brine pump received an out of spec impeller - trace chrome in the brine stream could have created an explosion in the chlorine manufacturing cells.

The Brayton cycle turbo-generator is sized to meet onsite demands it is not intended for electricity sales. The electricity generated by the SC-CO2 Brayton cycle drives the flibe pump, the plasmatron, reagent pumps, pressure swing absorption compressors and the desalination plant brine pumps. The Brayton cycle is run at constant temperature and pressure at the turbine inlet and at constant temperature and pressure at the cooler outlet. For partial load, its power output is adjusted via SC-CO2 mass flow rate. 

Sodium chloride, gypsum, and potassinm salts are all important minerals that are recovered as evaporites remaining from the evaporation of seawater and from brines pumped from below the ground. Sodium chloride in the form of mineral halite is used as a raw material for the production of industrially important sodium, chlorine, and their compounds. It is used directly to melt ice on roads, in foods, and in other applications. Potassium salts are, of course, essential ingredients of fertilizers and have some industrial applications as well. Gypsum, hydrated calcium sulfate, is used to make plaster and wallboard and is an ingredient in the manufacture of portland cement. 

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