Breeding

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Shaving products Shaw process Shear breeding Shear energy Shearlings Shearometer Shear plane Shear rate Shear stresses Shear test Shear thinning behavior Shear viscosity Sheath-core fiber... 

Maintenance of conditions ia the culture environment that keep stress to a minimum is one of the best methods of a voiding diseases. Vacciaes have beea developed agaiast several diseases and more are under development. Selective breeding of animals with disease resistance has met with only limited success. Good sanitation and disiafection of contaminated faciUties are important avoidance and control measure. Some disiafectants are Hsted ia Table 6. Poad soils can be sterilized with burnt lime (CaO), hydrated lime [Ca(OH)2], or chlorine compounds (12). 

T. C. Nelson, Mutation and Plant Breeding, pubbcation no. 891, National Academy of Science, National Research Council, New York, 1961, pp. 331-349. 

A D—T fusion reactor is expected to have a tritium inventory of a few kilograms. Tritium is a relatively short-Hved (12.36 year half-life) and benign (beta emitter) radioactive material, and represents a radiological ha2ard many orders of magnitude less than does the fuel inventory in a fission reactor. Clearly, however, fusion reactors must be designed to preclude the accidental release of tritium or any other volatile radioactive material. There is no need to have fissile materials present in a fusion reactor, and relatively simple inspection techniques should suffice to prevent any clandestine breeding of fissile materials, eg, for potential weapons diversion. 

Fig. 1. Schematic of the cross section of a mammal s skin. The relative size and function of the parts depend on the species and breed of the animal. For goats, where the wool or hair is sparse because it is not needed for warmth, the skin is dense to provide protection for sheep protected primarily by heavy wool, the skin contains more oil (sebaceous) glands to lubricate the wool for catde, both the hair and the heavy hide stmcture protect the animal (3).

Chemical Composition. From the point of view of leathermaking, hides consist of four broad classes of proteins coUagen, elastin, albumen, and keratin (3). The fats are triglycerides and mixed esters. The hides as received in a taimery contain water and a curing agent. Salt-cured cattie hides contain 40—50% water and 10—20% ordinary salt, NaCl. Surface dirt is usuaUy about 2—5 wt %. Cattie hides have 5—15% fats depending on the breed and source. The balance of the hide is protein (1). 

Tritium is produced in heavy-water-moderated reactors and sometimes must be separated isotopicaHy from hydrogen and deuterium for disposal. Ultimately, the tritium could be used as fuel in thermonuclear reactors (see Fusionenergy). Nuclear fusion reactions that involve tritium occur at the lowest known temperatures for such reactions. One possible reaction using deuterium produces neutrons that can be used to react with a lithium blanket to breed more tritium. 

The role of the reactor may be either as a converter, which produces some plutonium by neutron absorption in uranium-238 but depends on uranium-235 for most of the fission, or as a breeder, which contains a large amount of plutonium and produces more fissile material than it consumes. Breeding is also possible using uranium-233 produced by neutron absorption in thorium-232. 

An important parameter of any breeder is the breeding ratio (BR) defined as the ratio of the fissile atoms produced to the fissile atoms consumed and given by the simple relation... 

Feeding standards, which have been instituted nationally, indicate the amount of the essential amino acids (together with other nutrients) for the rational breeding of domestic animals. The feeding standards of the National Research Council (NRC) of the United States and Agricultural Research Council (ARC) of the United Kingdom are well known (the former indicates the minimal amount and the latter shows the recommended amount). 

Table 8. Breeding of Amino Acid Producers by Gene Technology ...

The first cultivated mbber trees produced 500 kg/ha of mbber and selective breeding over the years has resulted in yields during the mid-1990s as high as 3000 kg/ha. However, average yields in the principal producing countries can vary from 400—1200 kg/ha. In Malaysia the smallholder sector produces about 850 kg/ha, whereas the estate plantations can produce about 1200 kg/ha. 

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