Brasiliensis

Hetran teams Hetrazan Heubach method Heulandite Heuristic approach Heuristics Hevea brasiliensis Heveacrumb process Hevea rubber Hexa [100-97-0]... 

Miconazole. Miconazole (Fig. 2, 7a) is also available as a sterile solution for intravenous infusion. Miconazole has a therapeutic effect on systemic mycoses due to C albicans A.spergillusfumigatus Cyptococcus neoformans Blastomyces dermatitidis Histoplasma capsulatum Coccidioides immitis Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Petriellidum boydii. 

The Heeva brasiliensis may be tapped for latex by gouging the bark with a tapping knife. The composition of the Hevea latex varies quite widely but the following may be considered to be a typical composition ... 

Natural rubber can be obtained from the sap of a number of plants and trees, the most common source is the Hevea brasiliensis tree. Although natural rubber was known in Central and South America before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492, the first use as an adhesive was established in a patent dated in 1891. As rubber became an important part of the industrial revolution, the rubber adhesives market grew in importance. To comply with the increasing demand on natural rubber materials, plantations of Hevea brasiliensis trees were established in southeast Asia in the early 20th Century, mainly to supply the demand from the automobile industry. 

Originally from China, Rhus vernicefera has been under cultivation in Japan since the sixth century AD. The latex is collected in the same way as the rubber plant Hevea brasiliensis. The product is known as urushiol, which consists mostly of dihydric phenols of structures (Fig. 6) and is used as lacquers. 

Natural rubber is obtained from the bark of the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, grown on enormous plantations in Southeast Asia. 

Rubber—an unusual name for an unusual substance—is a naturally occurring aikene polymer produced by more than 400 different plants. The major source is the so-called rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, from which the crude material is harvested as it drips from a slice made through the bark. The name rubber was coined by Joseph Priestley, the discoverer of oxygen and early researcher of rubber chemistry, for the simple reason that one of rubber s early uses was to tub out pencil marks on paper. 

Rubber is obtained from the juice of various tropical trees, mainly the tree Hevea brasiliensis. The juice is a latex consisting of a dispersion of polymer phase at a concentration of about 35% by mass, together with traces of proteins, sterols, fats, and salts. The rubber is obtained either by coagulation of the latex with acid, either ethanoic or methanoic, or by evaporation in air or over a flame. The material that results from this process is a crumbly, cheeselike substance, sometimes called raw rubber or caoutchouc. In order to... 

Rhalem, A., Bourdieu, C., Luffau, G., and Pery, P. (1988). Vaccination of mice with liposome-entrapped adult antigens of Nippo-strongylus brasiliensis. Ann. Inst. Pasteur/Immunol.. 139, 157-166. 

Until 1987, the (R)-PaHNL from almonds was the only HNL used as catalyst in the enantioselective preparation of cyanohydrins. Therefore, it was of great interest to get access to HNLs which catalyze the formation of (5 )-cyanohydrins. (5 )-SbHNL [EC 4.1.2.11], isolated from Sorghum bicolor, was the first HNL used for the preparation of (5 )-cyanohydrins. Since the substrate range of SbHNL is limited to aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes as substrates, other enzymes with (5 )-cyanoglycosides have been investigated as catalysts for the synthesis of (5 )-cyanohydrins. The (5 )-HNLs from cassava (Manihot esculenta, MeHNL) and from Hevea brasiliensis (HbHNL) proved to be highly promising candidates for the preparation of (5 )-cyanohydrins. Both MeHNL and HbHNL have been overexpressed successfully in Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris. 

The most extensively investigated HNL structures are those from H. brasiliensis (HbHNL)" " and M. esculenta (MeHNL)," which are highly homologous (76% identity). For MeHNL, the crystal structure of the wild-type enzyme complexed with acetone has been reported in 2001 (Fig. 1)." ... 

Haliclonacyclamine E (13) and arenosclerins A (14), B (15), and C (16) have been isolated from the marine sponge Arenosclera brasiliensis, endemic in Brazil. Crude extracts of this sponge displayed potent cytotoxic and antibiotic activities, and were subjected to fractionation by sihca-gel flash chromatography, medium pressure chromatography on a SiOH cyanopropyl-bonded column, and reversed-phase Cis column chromatography to give compounds 13-16 [18]. The structure elucidation was based on spectroscopic analysis, including HRFABMS, COSY, HSQC, HSQC-TOCSY, and HMBC NMR... 

As reported by Griengl and coworkers, benzaldehyde, decanal, undecanal, and dodecanal were reacted with HCN in a two-phase solvent system aqueous buffer and ionic liquids 1 -ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1 -methyl-3-propylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, and l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate in the presence of the HNLs from Prunus amygdalus and Hevea brasiliensis. When compared with the use of organic solvents as the nonaqueous phase, the reaction rate was significantly increased and the enantioselectivity remained good [51]. 

Hasslacher, M., Schall, M., Hayn, M. et al. (1997) High-level intracellular expression of hydroxynitrile lyase from the tropical rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis in microbial hosts. Protein Expression and Purification, 11, 61-71. 

Zuegg, J., Gruber, K., Gugganig, M. et al. (1999) Three-dimensional structures of enzyme-substrate complexes of the hydroxynitrile lyase from Hevea brasiliensis. Protein Science A Publication of the Protein Society, 8, 1990-2000. 

Wagner, U.G., Hasslacher, M., Griengl, H. et al. (1996) Mechanism of cyanogenesis the crystal structure of hydroxynitrile lyase from Hevea brasiliensis. Structure (London, England 1993), 4, 811-822. 

Veum, L., Hanefeld, U. and Pierre, A. (2004) The first encapsulation of hydroxynitrile lyase from Hevea brasiliensis in a sol-gel matrix. Tetrahedron, 60, 10419-10425. 

Purkarthofer, T., Gruber, K., Gruber-Khadjawi, M,et al. (2006) A biocatalytic Henry reaction - the hydroxynitrile lyase from Hevea brasiliensis also catalyzes nitroaldol reactions. Angewandte Chemie (International Edition in English), 45, 3454-3456. 

Johnson, D.V. and Griengl, H. (1997) The chemoenzymatic synthesis of (5)-13-hydroxyoctadeca-(9Z,ll )-dienoic acid using the hydroxynitrile lyase from Hevea brasiliensis. Tetrahedron, S3, 617-624. 

Haemonchus contortus Haemonchus placei Haemonchus similis Nematodirus battus Ostertagia ostertagi Nippostrongylus brasiliensis Otostrongylus sp. Parafilaroides sp. 

Blaxter, M.L., Ingram, L. and Tweedie, S. (1994a) Sequence, expression and evolution of the globins of the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 68, 1-14. 

Haley, A.J. (1966) Biology of the rat nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Travassos, 1914). IV. Characteristics of N. brasiliensis after 1 to 40 serial passages in the Syrian hamster. Journal of Parasitology 52,109—116. 

Westcott, R.B. and Todd, A.C. (1966) Adaptation of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis to the mouse.Journal of Parasitology 52, 233-236. 

PDI isoforms have also been described in parasitic nematodes, including 0. volvulus (Wilson et al., 1994), Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Tweedie et al., 1993), Ancylostoma caninum (Epe et al., 1998) and Dirofilaria immitis (Chandrashekar et al., 1998). However, their involvement in collagenfolding events in the respective organisms remains to be determined. 

An interesting twist to the story is provided by studies on N. brasiliensis, which secretes three distinct isoforms of AChE, designated A, B and C (Ogilvie et al, 1973). These enzymes can be easily separated by nondenaturing electrophoresis due to their distinct pis, and this is illustrated in Fig. 11.1, which also shows the distinct electrophoretic properties of the amphiphilic enzyme (arrowed) found only in somatic extracts and therefore presumably associated with neuromuscular function. The overall amount of AChE produced by this parasite increases dramatically following establishment in the jejunum, and a switch in isoform expression occurs,... 

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