Brain thrombosis

Detection of cholesterol plays an important role in the biomedical field and in improving the quality of life as its abonormal levels lead to the symptoms of several diseases, such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, arteriosclerosis, brain thrombosis, lipid metabolism dysfunction, and... 

Early studies indicate that combined GP Ilb/IIIa inhibition with rt-PA thrombolysis may improve clinical and MRI outcomes after acute ischemic stroke, with an acceptable safety prohle. The dual targeting of platelets and hbrin by combination therapy may provide synergistic benefits, including increased arterial recanalization, reduced microvascular thrombosis, reduced arterial reocclusion, and less rt-PA-mediated blood-brain barrier injury and secondary activation of the coagulation system. 

Stroke Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain, [nih]... 

K+ channels K-atp Rat brain Diabetes, asthma, cardiac arrythmia, angina, cardiac and cerebral ischemia, thrombosis, hypertension, incontinence, pain, neurogenic inflammation, epilepsy, stroke, hair growth Control of insulin release, vasodilatation, protection against cell ischemia... 

In present times, because of early mobilization and shorter stays in hospital, venous thrombosis in the legs and resulting pulmonary embolism has declined to a large degree. In persons with acute myocardial infarction, prophylactic low-dose heparin has reduced the incidence of venous thrombosis in the legs. It is considered as a reasonable alternative to warfarin in selected patients. Preventive anlicoagulalion may be indicated in some cases to prevent strokes due to left ventricular mitral thrombi embolizing in tire brain. 

Regional subarachnoid hemorrhage, especially if it is situated on the convexity of the brain. It may be a sign of the rare isolated cerebral vein thrombosis. 

Fig. 18.7a,b. Isolated cortical vein thrombosis in a 16 y old female presenting with focal epileptic seizures, a Axial GE (T2 ) images show a hypointense signal along the course of a cortical vein (arrows) which was also seen as a hyperdense structure on CT (not shown), b Axial DWI shows small areas of restricted diffusion in the corresponding brain parenchyma... 

Crawford SC, Digre KB, Palmer CA, Osborn AG (1995) Thrombosis of deep venous drainage of the brain in adults. Arch Neurol 52 1101-1108... 

KO mice appeared to develop normally macroscop-ically, but possessed obvious signs of bleeding and thrombosis did not survive beyond 24 h after delivery microvascular thrombosis in the brain and necrosis in the liver plasma clottable fibrinogen was not detectable suggesting fibrinogen depletion and secondary consumptive coagulopathy (Jalbert et al. 1998). 

Transient ischemic attack. An acute loss of focal brain or monocular function with symptoms lasting less than 24-hours and which is thought to be caused by inadequate cerebral or ocular blood supply as a result of arterial thrombosis, low flow or embolism associated with arterial, cardiac or hematological disease (Hatano 1976). 

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a very rare acquired disorder in which hemopoietic stem cells become peculiarly sensitive to complement-mediated lysis. Venous and possibly arterial thrombosis occurs in the brain and elsewhere. Patients are nearly always anemic at... 

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a rare acute or subacute disease in adults, rather similar to the hemolytic uremic syndrome in children, in which there is systemic malaise, fever, skin purpura, renal failure, hematuria and proteinuria. Hemorrhagic infarcts caused by platelet microthrombi occur in many organs in the brain they may cause stroke-like episodes (Matijevic and Wu 2006) although more commonly there is global encephalopathy. The blood film shows thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia and fragmented red cells. The differential diagnosis includes infective endocarditis, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. 

Fig. 29.1. A CT brain scan from a young woman with superior sagittal sinus thrombosis showing the "empty delta sign" - a triangular pattern of enhancement surrounding a central relatively hypodense area of thrombosis (arrow).

Fig. 29.4. Axial CT (a) and T2-weighted MR brain (b) slices in a patient with deep cerebral venous thrombosis with bilateral deep hemorrhagic infarction.

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