Brain cortical neurons

L16. Lofberg, H, Grubb, A. O., Brun, A., Human brain cortical neurons contain 7-trace. Rapid isolation, immunohistochemical and physicochemical characterization of human 7 -trace. Biomed. Res. 2, 298-306 (1981). 

Treatment with the monovalent cationophore monensin decreases biosynthesis of the gangliosides in the neurite-bearing embryonic chick brain cortical neuron (Hogan et ai, 1988). The biosynthetic block induced by monensin coincides with an almost total loss of neurites. The effects of monensin stem from import of excessive Na+ which may also heighten intraneuronal Ca + in homeostatic exchange for Na+. 

FIGURE 4. Effects on the sialyl-labeling of ganglioside species on exposure of 96-hr chick brain cortical neurons in culture to 25 mM ethanol in the culture medium for the last 24 hr of their culture span. 

The neurons from which NTs are released number more than 7 billion in the human brain. Each (Fig. 1.2) consists of a cell body, the soma or perikaryon, with one major cytoplasmic process termed the axon, which projects variable distances to other neurons, e.g. from a cortical pyramidal cell to adjacent cortical neurons, or to striatal neurons or to spinal cord motoneurons. Thus by giving off a number of branches from its axon one neuron can influence a number of others. All neurons, except primary sensory neurons with cell bodies in the spinal dorsal root ganglia, have a number of other, generally shorter, projections running much shorter distances among neighbouring neurons like the branches of a tree. These processes are the dendrites. Their... 

Figure 2.14 Relation between the EEG recorded from an epileptic focus on the surface of the cerebral cortex (EEG) and the activity of a single cortical neuron recorded extracellularly (e.c.) and intracellularly (i.c.) during an experimental epilepsy induced by topical application of penicillin. Note that the large EEG excursions correspond to the large (synchronised) depolarisations of the neuron, not to action potential discharges. (Adapted from Brain Res. 52 Ayala, GF et al. Genesis of Epileptic Interictal Spikes. New Knowledge of Cortical Feedback systems suggests a Neurophysiological Explanation of Brief Paroxysms, 1-17 (1973) with permission from Elsevier Science)...

Mallick, B. N., Thankachan, S. Islam, F. (1998). Differential responses of brain stem neurons during spontaneous and stimulation-induced desynchronization of the cortical eeg in freely moving cats. Sleep Res. Online 1, 132-46. 

Gariano, R.F. and Groves, P.M., Burst firing induced in mid-brain dopamine neurons by stimulation of the medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices, Brain Res., 462, 194, 1988. 

Lin Y, Phillis JW. (1990). Chronic caffeine exposure reduces the excitant action of acetylcholine on cerebral cortical neurons. Brain Res. 524(2) 316-18. 

CYP8A1 in neurons of bovine, rat and human brain, especially Purkinje cells of cerebellum and cortical neurons, but not glial cells by IHC (Mehl et al., 1999). CYP8A1 mRNA and protein in blood vessels of human brain, pyramidal cells of cortex and hippocampus, and Purkinje cells of cerebellum (Siegle et al., 2000). 0.000161 per GAPDH mRNA in whole adult human brain by RT-RT-PCR (Nishimura et al., 2003). 

CYP2D6 mRNA and protein in human brain regions by RT-PCR, Northern blot, and Immunobiot, in situ hybridization and IHC shows constitutive CYP2D6 mRNA expression in neurons of cerebral cortex, Purkinje and granule cell layers of cerebellum, reticular neurons of midbrain and pyramidal neurons of C47, CA2, and CAS subfields of hippocampus. Protein found in cortex, cerebellum, midbrain, striatum, and thalamus of human brain. IHC shows CYP2D6 in dendrites of Purkinje and cortical neurons and neuronal soma (Chinta et al., 2002). 

Amyloid peptides induce cytochrome P450 reductase in neuroblastoma cells. IHC shows strong reductase surrounding amyloid deposits of transgenic mice. Reductase expression pattern resembled neuritic and oxidative stress markers, while nontransgenic mice showed none. IHC of brains from Alzheimer s patients showed reductase in the cytoplasm of cortical neurons versus none in controls (Pappolla et al., 2001). 

A mutation in the reeler gene has recently been associated with autism (Keller et al., 2000). Mild abnormalities in cortical neuron migration and in reelin-containing cortical interneurons have been observed in the brains of schizophrenic subjects (Guidotti et ah, 2000). Therefore, a mutation in the reelin gene has also been implicated in schizophrenia. Changes in reelin have also been reported in the hippocampus in affective disorders (Eatemi et al., 2000). 

In brains without AD, mRNA NGF is detected in granular cells of the gyrus dentatus and in pyramidal CA cells, as well as in diverse cortical neurons and glial cells. The cholinergic neurons of the basal ganglia not only re-... 

Mathur C, Prasad WK, Raju VS, et al Steroids and their conjugates in the mammalian brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 85-88, 1993 Mattes JA A pilot study of combined trazodone and tryptophan in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1 170-173, 1986 Mattson MP, Cheng B, Davis D, et al Beta-amyloid peptides destabilize calcium homeostasis and render human cortical neurons vulnerable to excitotoxicity. J Neurosci 12 376-389, 1992... 

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