Bovine thyroid

Hedberg CW, Fishbein DB, Janssen RS, Meyers B, McMillen JM, MacDonald KL, White KE, Huss LJ, Hurwitz ES, Farhie JR, et al. An outbreak of thyrotoxicosis caused by the consumption of bovine thyroid gland in ground beef. N Engl J Med 1987 316(16) 993-8. 

S. F. Wheeler and D. J. Harvey, Extension of the in-gel release method for structural analysis of neutral and sialylated A-linked glycans to the analysis of sulfated glycans Application to the glycans from bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone, Anal. Biochem., 296 (2001) 92-100. 

Polyterpenoids.—The presence of dolichols (202) with up to 23 isoprene units, in various sources, has been reported.In addition to these dolichols, which have their terminal isoprene unit saturated, fully unsaturated polyprenols have been found. Bovine pituitary contains a mixture of cis-trans-isomers of decaprenol (203), a Cioo prenol from bovine thyroid has been shown by n.m.r. to have eighteen cis- and two frans-isoprene residues, and 2,3-dehydrodoli-chyl pyrophosphate (204) has been identified as a product of a chick enzyme system and isopentenyl pyrophosphate.The structure of ulmoprenol from Eucommia ulmoides has been elucidated (207). ... 

There is very little published research looking at blood T4 levels in horses on thyroid supplementation. A single dose of 20 j,g/kg T4 will maintain blood levels in the reference range for 24 h (Bayly et al 1996). There are several other forms of T4 available for the treatment of horses, lodinated casein, orally at 5.0g/day, is not readily available currently but has been recommended in the past (Sojka 1995). Concentrated bovine thyroid extract at a dosage of 10.5g/day has been reported to return thyroid hormone serum concentrations to normal (Sojka 1995). 

Primary thyroid cells from rat, dog, pig, cow, sheep, and human have also been used for in vitro studies of thyroid follicle cells [70], They act similar to the cell lines described above in culture, and cultured conditions, media, and additives are the same. Fewer reagents are available for porcine or bovine cells however, thyroid tissue is fairly readily obtained and provides more cells than most common preclinical animals (e.g., rat, mouse). We have not detected T3 or T4 in culture medium of either porcine or bovine thyroid cells, but they respond to TSH or forskolin with concentration-dependent increases in intracellular levels of cAMP. Decreased expression of TSH-R and increased NIS and Tg expression were measured in the presence of TSH or forskolin (our unpublished data). 

In 1962 Klainer et al. (K4) reported that TSH increased the amount of cyclic AMP in incubated sheep thyroid particulate fractions by 25-35%. Gilman and Rail (Gl) reported that TSH increased the level of cyclic AMP in incubated bovine thyroid slices. Cyclic AMP itself is not a good stimulator of CO2 production from glucose in some thyroid preparations. This may be due to inactivation of cyclic AMP by phosphodiesterase (P6). However, an analog of cyclic AMP, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, will enhance the conversion glucose-l- C to CO2 (PI). Hie dibu-... 

TSH also increased pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis in the bovine thyroid (H2, L6). Hall and Tubman postulated that increases in nucleotide synthesis may be mediated by increased ribose generated from the hexose monophosphate shunt. Incorporation of labeled formate and adenine into nuclear, cytoplasmic, or whole RNA was not inhibited by puromycin at a time when protein synthesis was inhibited as measured... 

F4. Fontaine, Y. A., and Condliffe, P. G., Density gradient centrifugation of bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone. Biochemistry 2, 290-293 (1963). 

L6. Lindsay, R. H., Cash, A. G., and Hill, J. B., Thyrotropin stimulation of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis in the bovine thyroid. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 29, 850-855 (1967). 

Bovine thyroid 1999 North Contentin, France 0.9-250.7 X 10-8 Frechou (2000)... 

The structures of the major gangliosides from bovine thyroid were determined by methylation analysis and enzymatic degradation studies.These structures, (12)-(15) were confirmed by m.s. on the permethylated gangliosides... 

Heilman, B., Idahl, L-A, Lernmark, A., Taljedal, I.-B. The pancreatic P-ce recognition of insulin secretagogues Does cyclic AMP mediate the effect of glucose Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 71, 3405-3409 (1974) Senior,B. Neonatalhypoglycemia.NewEngl.J.Med.289,790-793 (1973) Schneider, P.B. A site of action of thyrotropin. Stimulation of the conversion of glycerophosphate to phosphatidic acid in bovine thyroid slices. J. biol. Chem. 247, 7910-7914 (1972)... 

Glycoproteins on the external surface of chromaffin granules in bovine adrenal medulla may be involved in exocytosis. Gangliosides and glycoproteins are both components of the receptor for thyrotrophin on bovine thyroid membranes. ... 

Trujillo and Gan (1971) have studied the incorporation of fucose-1-by bovine thyroid slices. Only 0.15% of the label was oxidized to carbon dioxide, whereas appreciable labeling of both acid-soluble and acid-insoluble materials was observed. Radioactivity was incorporated into glycoprotein without detectable labeling of sugars other than fucose. Thus fucose-l- G appears to be an excellent precursor for studying glycoprotein synthesis by thyroid, as is the case for liver (Section IV,A,3). 

Gangliosides inhibited the binding of [ l]thyrotrophin to receptors on the plasma membranes of bovine thyroid and guinea-pig retro-orbital tissues and to human adipocyte membranes. The inhibition is markedly influenced by the number and location of sialic acid residues in the ganglioside molecule, the efficiency for inhibition being Gd, > > Gm = Gm, > Gd. The possi-... 

Trujillo, J.L. Gan, J.C. Glycoprotein biosynthesis. VI. Regulation of uridine diphosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine metabolism in bovine thyroid gland slices. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1973, 304, 32-41. 

Meldolesi et al., 1976). More recently, it has been found that a ganglio-side present in trace amounts in cell membranes from bovine thyroid gland is the most potent inhibitor of TSH binding to thyroid gland cell membranes (Mullin et al., 1978). This not yet structurally characterized ganglioside contains at least two sialic acid residues. It constitutes 0.015% of the total thyroid gangliosides, or about 10,000 molecules per thyroid cell. 

Liao, T.-H., and Pierce, J. G., 1970, The presence of a common type of subunit in bovine thyroid-stimulating and luteinizing hormones, J. Biol. Chem. 245 3275. 

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