Mastitis

Florfenicol (2) has been approved in Japan for the treatment of pseudo-tuberculosis caused by Pasteurellapiscicida and streptococcosis m. yeUowtail fish. The recommended dose is 10 mg/kg for up to one week and the drug withdrawal time is five days after cessation of treatment. Florfenicol is active in bovine respiratory disease caused by Pasteurella species and mastitis caused by Staphylococci and Streptococci. It is also effective in neonatal cohbacillosis caused by E. coli. The drug is being developed worldwide by Schering-Plough Animal Health for the treatment of aquatic and bovine diseases. 

In 1971, levamisole, an anthelmintic compound widely used in catde and swine, was shown to improve the effects of an experimental Brucella abortus vaccine in mice. Since that time, the veterinarians and physicians have explored the effects of levamisole in such diverse areas as arthritis, lupus erythematosis, cancer therapy, respiratory diseases, Newcastle disease, foot-and-mouth disease, mastitis, and vaccine potentiation. Although the exact mechanism of action has as yet not been deterrnined there is substantial evidence that, under defined circumstances, levamisole can augment the animal s natural immune response (9). New immunostimulants include Staph Ijysate acemannon, NLAB-31. 

After birth, a rapid drop in progesterone level initially triggers lactation through reversal of inhibitory effects on prolactin (Fig. 44-2). Nipple stimulation then enables lactation to continue once established. During lactation, ineffective removal of milk from the breast, trauma, and skin breaks may lead to problems such as milk stasis, nipple pain, and mastitis.12 Additionally, some women have difficultly initiating lactation due to improper technique and/or activity of inhibitors such as dopamine (Fig. 44-2). 

Mastitis. Characterized by localized redness, tenderness, and warmth on one breast accompanied by fever and flulike symptoms. Although uncommon, symptoms also may be bilateral. Nipple candidiasis. Typical symptoms include nipple pain, itching, burning, and/or breast pain that persist after feeding. Gestational diabetes. See Chapter 40. 

Misoprostol (Cytotec) Mastitis 25 meg intravaginally every 3-6 hours Contraindicated if previous cesarean section... 

Treat acute mastitis with antistaphylococcal antibiotics such as dicloxacillin or cephalexin for 10 to 14 days in order to prevent recurrent disease and breast abscess12 (Table 44-5). Penicillin-allergic women alternatively may be treated with erythromycin.12 Occasionally, intravenous antibiotics are needed for resistant, recurrent, or chronic cases. Encourage women to continue breast-feeding through acute mastitis and to empty all leftover milk from the affected breast.12... 

Day (1991) cites the case of mastitis in cattle where nosodes, used in preventive programmes, have reduced the incidence of mastitis and have made those cases which do occur easier to clear. Caulophyllum has been used to treat dystokia (calving problems) with success. However, Day (1993) is equally clear as to when a homoeopathic nosode is not advisable. He states that nosodes do exist for the prevention of clostridial diseases in sheep, but they have not been proved to be effective. Some people have used them with apparent success, but there was no evidence as to a significant challenge. 

Part II provides detailed information on the main quality and safety issues related to the production of organic livestock foods. This includes three chapters (Chapters 7 to 9) which review the effect of livestock husbandry on nutritional and sensory quality of livestock foods including milk and dairy products (Chapter 7), poultry (Chapter 8) and pork (Chapter 9). It also includes four chapters (Chapters 10 to 13) which review the strategies used to minimise microbiological risks and antibiotic and veterinary medicine use in livestock production systems including safety of ruminants (Chapter 10), mastitis treatment in organic dairy production systems (Chapter 11), internal parasites (Chapter 12) and pigs and poultry (Chapter 13). 

Milk from clinically mastitis infected, sub-clinically mastitis infected and healthy cows has been shown to differ in sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus concentrations (El Zubeir et al., 2005). The study reported that milk from cows infected with sub-clinical mastitis had significantly lower potassium and higher sodium and phosphorus concentrations. Similarly, the milk from cows with the clinical form of the disease had a higher sodium and lower potassium, magnesium and calcium concentration. 

Milk from cows affected with mastitis alters the sensory quality of raw milk and cheese (Munro el al., 1984). Sensory defects are reported as increased rancidity and bitterness, factors which are consistent with higher levels of lipolysis and proteolysis (Ma et al., 2000). 

El Zubeir I E M, ElOwni O A O and Mohamed G E (2005), Effect of mastitis on macrominerals of bovine milk and blood serum in Sudan , Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 76, 22-25. 

Hardeng F and Edge V L (2001), Mastitis, ketosis and milk fever in 31 organic and 93 conventional Norwegian dairy herds , Journal of Dairy Science, 84, 2673-2679. 

Hogan J S, Weiss W P and Smith K L (1993), Role of vitamin E and selenium in host defense against mastitis , Journal of Dairy Science, 76, 2795-2803. 

Hovi M and Roderick S (2000), Mastitis and mastitis control strategies in organic milk , Cattle Practice, 8, 259-264. 

Munro G L, Grieve P A and Kitchen B J (1984), Effects of mastitis on milk yield, milk composition, processing properties and yield and quality of milk products , Australian Journal of Dairy Technology, 39, 7-16. 

Renau J K, (1986), Effective use of dairy herd improvement somatic cell counts in mastitis control , Journal of Dairy Science, 69, 1708-1720. 

Vaarst M and Enevoldsen C (1994), Patterns of clinical mastitis manifestations in Danish organic dairy herds , Journal of Dairy Research, 64, 23-37. 

Reducing antibiotic use for mastitis treatment in organic dairy production... 

The infection process and disease development process can be related to a range of factors that affect various udder tissues (localisations). There are also a range of interactions between the udder tissues and mastitis pathogens. These were recently reviewed by Hamann 2001 (see also Table 11.1). 

Hamann also reviewed a range of cow-specific and environmental factors that affect the risk of microbial infection and mastitis disease progression in dairy cows (see Table 11.2). 

Table 11.2 Interaction between cow-specific and environmental factors and mastitis risk (Hamann, 2001 modified)...

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