Bottoms sediment and water

The water and sediment contents of crude oils is measured according to the standard methods NF M 07-020, ASTM D 96 and D 1796, which determine the volume of water and sediments separated from the crude by centrifuging in the presence of a solvent (toluene) and of a demulsifylng agent Table 8.13 gives the bottom sediment and water content of a few crude oils. 

Table 8.13 Bottom sediments and water content of some crude oils. i 1 i ...

Fuel system fouling is related to the amount of water and sediment in the fuel. A by-product of fuel washing is the desludging of the fuel. Washing rids the fuel of those undesirable constituents that cause clogging, deposition, and corrosion in the fuel system. The last part of treatment is filtration just prior to entering the turbine. Washed fuel should have less than. 025% bottom sediment and water. 

The results show that although all the demulsifiers lower the shear viscosity, they differ widely in their demulsification effectiveness, as measured by the residual bottom sediment and water content (Figure 1) (BS and W%) of the dehydrated oil. For example, the demulsifier 0P1, although it lowers both the equilibrium interfacial tension (Figure 2) and the shear viscosity (Table I), nevertheless is ineffective. This is because it takes a much longer time for the oil-water interfacial tension to reach equilibrium with 0P1 than with PI or P2 (see later). 

According to a USEPA survey, many of the more than 150 separate processes used in petroleum refineries generate large quantities of hazardous wastes. Typical wastes generated from refinery processes include bottom sediments and water from crude storage tanks, spent amines, spent acids and caustics, spent clays, spent glycol, catalyst fines, spent Streford solution and sulfur. 

BS W Bottoms, Sediment, and Water. This centrifuge method is used to measure the approximate amount of suspended solids and water in crude oil and petroleum products. 

BS W—abbreviation of "bottoms sediment and water." The water and other extraneous material present in crude oil. Normally, the BS W content must be quite low before the oil is accepted for pipeline delivery to a refinery. 

Rabbi, F. (1994) Trace Element Geochemistry of Bottom Sediments and Waters from the Lateral Lakes ofCoeur d Alene River, Kootenai County, North Idaho. Dissertation, University of Idaho, Moscow. 

Specific Gravity 60°/60° F A.P.I. Gravity, degrees Kinematic Viscosity 130° F, centistoke Bottom Sediment and Water, Vol. %... 

In all bulk measurements of petroleum and especially of crude oil it is necessary to specify the gross concentration of solids and nonpetroleum liquids present. This is normally stated as percent bottom sediment and water (% BS W), and is determined by centrifuging of a representative sample. 

BS W bowl— bottom sediment and water (BS W) sight glasses enable quick inspection of low-lying contaminants and sludge. 

Lieberman [15] has reviewed the causes of these maloperations, which often result in loss catalyst and reduced efficiency. A deficient cyclone reactor is identified by bottom sediment and water levels in the slurry oil product. For a regenerator cyclone, problems are visibly identified by the increased opacity of the regenerator flue gas or by reduced rates of spent catalyst withdrawal. 

A sudden drop in furnace feed temperature is commonly caused by a slug of bottoms sediment and water (BSJ crude charge. This happens when a tank in the crude supply system has been cleaned. The silt and waxy dirt were flushed down the crude line to the refinery. A floating suction in the refinery s crude charge tank minimizes the effects of these incidents. 

Bottoms level, 14, 293 Bottoms sediment and water, 27 Bottoms stripper, 22 Bottoms-pump suction pressure loss (vacuum towers), 281-285 insufficient quench, 283-284 trim gas oil pan overflows, 284 gland oil, 284 suction screen, 284 air leak, 285... 

In refineries and other facilities that process hydrocarbons, storage tanks may develop a layer of water below the hydrocarbons. The water typically enters the tank in small quantities, phases out, and settles at the bottom of the tank. The water can enter the tank with the process streams, through leaks in steam coils, and through leaks in the tank roof and open hatches. Sometimes, the water will create an emulsified product with the hydrocarbons. This product is referred to as a rag layer or bottoms sediment and water (BS W). 

This is illustrated by operation of the desalter, which is usually the first processing unit in the refinery proper. Its function is to reduce the content of bottom sediment and water (BS W) from the crude charge to the crude still. Water (generally brine) causes corrosion in units down-stream of the desalter as a result of decomposition of chlorides to hydrochloric acid at the elevated processing temperatures. Addition of alkali to the desalter reduces hydrolysis of calcium and magnesium chlorides and consequently results in less hydrochloric acid being formed in the crude still overheads, etc. 

Little has been published on the amount of salt contained in crude oils, and little consistency is evident because the brine which contains the salt tends to settle from the crude oil during handling. Thus, the salt content of oil at the field is higher than the salt content at the pipeline or at the refinery. Neither crude oil gravity nor-bottom sediment and water content appear to be related to salt content except when studying a particular field or region. Oils from various regions contain approximately the amounts of salt shown in Table 4-6. 

Water, sediment, and salt contents. The higher the bottom sediment and water content, the higher sludge and deposit formation rates that can be expected. 

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