Booster Bubbles

Wickbold was the first to describe the application of this technique to determination of surfactants (10). He preferred a system where the gas stream was presaturated in ethyl acetate, a refinement given the name booster bubble separation. Ethyl ether works as well as ethyl acetate to trap the surfactant and the choice of gas is unimportant, though nitrogen is usually most convenient. The sublation must be conducted gently so that there is no turbulence at the water/ethyl acetate interface. Such mixing would permit distribution of the surfactant between the two phases in accord with its relative solubility, preventing the desired concentration emichment in the organic phase. 

A separation can sometimes be obtained even in the absence of any foam (or any floated floe or other surrogate). In bubble fractionation this is achieved simply by lengthening the bubbled pool to form a vertical column [Dorman and Lemlich, Nature, 207, 145 (1965)]. The ascending bubbles then deposit their adsorbed or attached material at the top of the pool as they exit. This results in a concentration gradient which can serve as a basis for separation. Bubble fractionation can operate either alone or as a booster section below a foam fractionator, perhaps to raise the concentration up to the foaming threshold. 

Emulsion slurries (-> Slurries) are based on a water-in-oil emulsion which is formed from a saturated nitrate solution and a mineral oil phase. Additions controlling the density (formation of gas bubbles or - Microballoons) are used to achieve a density that can be adjusted within an range between primer sensitivity (booster charge) and cap sensitivity. 

The propellant (400 to 460g) of was put into the 50/60 steel pipe, the void was filled with sand, and the pipe was attached to 50g of a No. 21 booster to detonate. Fig. 5.51 shows the results of plotting the bubble energy (E n )in the steel pipe test against that of the VP pipe test (E b ). Among the composite propellants, only sample C induced... 

Uses Foam booster and stabilizer in shampoos, bubble baths, and liquid detergents. 

Dr. Farr terms this effervescent debridement. The oxygen seeps into the air pockets under the mucous layer and literally bubbles the mucous up the respiratory passages. The rising mucous irritates the bronchial passage, causing a cough which acts as a booster rocket, and so, out comes the junk. That s Farr s theory. It makes sense to me. 

Accomid. [Karlshamns] Fatty acid DBA nrmionic surfactants decent viscosity improver, foam booster/sta-bilizer, emulsifier for shampoos, liq. soaps, dish detergents, bubble bath pro. ... 

Naxchem. [Rue ers-Nease] Surfactant blends detergent, foam booster/stabi-lizer, dispersant, emulsifier for shampoos, carpet shanqxros, bubble baths, dishwashing and laun detogaits, textile processing, pigmoit dispersions, metal processing. 

Nitromethane is an extremely insensitive explosive. Heating or burning nitromethane in thin-waUed containers would not lead to detonation. Explosion would only take place when nitromethane is heated to 300 °C or above in a sealed thick-walled container. The sensitivity of nitromethane to mechanical shock is closely related to whether it contains bubbles. Using no.8 detonator alone cannot detonate nitromethane at ambient temperature, and booster pellets must be employed. The detonation sensitivity of nitromethane increases with the rise of temperature, while its critical diameter is reduced. Figure 7.1 showed the effects of temperature on critical diameter and detonation velocity of nitromethane sealed in tubes [31]. 

Transparency Cloudiness or haze for clear plastics [contamination] /moist feed/ jmelt too cold] /faulty adjustment of barrel temperature profile/injection pressure too low/back pressure too low/[mold too cold]. Bubbles in dear plastics moist feed/ melt too hot] /injection pressure too low/injection rate too fast/injection hold time too short/booster time too low/[mold too cold] /mold cooling time too short/jcooled too fast]. ... 

Uses Surfactant for shampoos, bath prods., personal hygiene preps. pharmaceutical ointment base, surfactant, emulsifier dispersant for alkaline degreasers foam booster/stabilizer for shampoos, bubble baths, liq. soaps thickener used with anionic surfactants foaming agent, conditioner, vise, booster, wetting agent in textile finishing... 

Definition Mixture of ethanolamides of fatty acids derived from palm kernel oil Formula RC0-N(CH2CH20H)2, RCO- represents fatty acids derived from palm kernel oil Properties Nonionic Uses Emulsifier, emulsion stabilizer, surfactant, vise, control agent in cosmetics vise, builder, foam booster/stabilizer, emulsifier for shampoos, liq. soaps, dish detergents, bubble bath prods. emulsifier, solubilizer, thickener, wetting agent for dermatologicals, germicidal liq. soaps in food-pkg. adhesives... 

In filter tanks, a pipe (at least DN15) with a test valve must be placed beneath the exhausters leading to the floor level through which water must be taken to the open air every day until the water is free from gas bubbles (see Fig. 20-4b). The partly filled cathodically protected pressure booster tank cannot be provided with automatic gas exhausters. Therefore, nozzles (at least DN15) with manually operated valves must be provided at the highest point of the tank. Before emptying, the protection system must be switched off and the tank filled with water through the manual valve. 

Foam boosters, stabilizers, and viscosity builders for anionic based systems. Contribute excellent conditioning properties to formulated shampoo products. Used in shampoos, liquid handsoaps, bubble baths, liquid dishwashes, bathroom scours, and light duty cleaners. 

Wetting and foaming agent. Foam booster in shampoos, bubble baths and dishwashing compounds. 

The polymer-surfactant complex has high surfeice viscosity and elasticity (i.e. surfeice viscoelasticity), both will enhance the foam stability (see below). The amphoteric surfactants such as betaines and the phospholipid surfeictants when used in conjunction with alkyl sulfeites or alkyl ether sulfeites can also enhance the foam stability. All these molecules strengthen the film of surfactant at the air/water interface, thus modifying the lather from a loose lacy structure to a rich, dense, small bubble size, luxurious foam. Several foam boosters have been suggested and these include fatty acid alkanolamide, amine oxides. Fatty alcohol and fatty acids can also act as foam boosters when used at levels of 0.25-0.5 %. Several approaches have been considered to explain foam stability (a) Surface viscosity and elasticity theory The adsorbed surfeictant film is assumed to control the mechanical-dynamical properties of the surface layers by virtue of its surface viscosity and elasticity. This may be true for thick films (> 100 nm) whereby intermolecular forces are less dominant. Some correlations... 

Uses Thickener, foam booster/stabilizer for soap or syn.-based washing powds., shampoos, liq. soaps, facial cleansers, bath gels, and bubble baths Properties Cream-colored flakes 100% act. 95% amide... 

---