Bone mineralogy

Turner, R. T., Francis, R., Brown, D., Garand, J., Hannon, K. S. Bell, N. H. (1989). The effects of fluoride on bone implant histomorphology in growing rats. Journal of Bone Mineralogy Research, 4, 477-84. 

K-XRF methods are typically calibrated using phantoms of known Pb level comprised of plaster of Paris or similar mineral material (Chettle et al., 2003 Todd and Chettle, 2003). Todd et al. (2002) observed that such simulations of bone matrix provide potentially erroneous calibrations since they are not true bone matrix. The former is mainly calcium sulfate hemihydrate while bone mineralogy is a heterogeneous matrix of hydroxyapatite (basic calcium orthophosphate, among other formulations). 

Hassan, A. A. 1975 Geochemical and Mineralogical Studies on Bone Material and their Implications for Radiocarbon Dating. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Southern Methodist University, Texas. 

Hassan, A. A., Termine, J.D. and Haynes, C.V. 1977 Mineralogical studies on bone apatite and their implications for radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon 19 364-374. 

McConnell, D. Crystal chemistry of bone mineral Hydrated carbonate apatites. Amer. Mineralog. 55, 1659-1669 (1970). 

Trueman CNG, Behrensmeyer AK, Tuross N, Weiner S (2004) Mineralogical and compositional changes in bones exposed on soil surfaces in Amboseli National Park, Kenya diagenetic mechanisms and the role of sediment pore fluids. J Archaeol Sci 31 721-739... 

Hassan, A. A., Geochemical and Mineralogical Studies on Bone Material... 

Tooth biology and mineralogy. There are three mineralized tissues in a tooth each with distinct cell systems and different histological expressions. Table 3 compares enamel, dentine, and bone, the relative amount of calcium phosphate to organics and the composition range of the mineral material. Most analyses of the mineral are on samples that have been chemically extracted, or ashed, to remove organic components and water (Skinner et al., 1972, 2003) and reported on the... 

Trueman M. and Tuross N. (2002) Trace elements in recent and fossil bone In Phosphates Geochemical, Geobiological and Material Importance. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (eds. M. J. Kohn, J. Rakovan, and J. M. Hughes). Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, vol. 48, pp. 489-522. 

Indeed, in the light of current mineralogical theory (McConnell, 1973a) pertaining to carbonate apatites, there is no need to search for either a precursor or any other solid phase in bone — either crystalline or noncrystalline. The chemical composition is indicated for the principal constituents of bovine (dry, fat-free) bone, compared with dental enamel and dentin (Table 3.1.7). When converted to oxides, these values for bone become ... 

Basically, five bioapatite materials may be analyzed bone, dentin, enamel(oid), fish scales, and invertebrate shells. Cementum is very rarely analyzed. Each material has its proponents and critics, in part depending on whether PO4 or CO3 is analyzed. The mineralogy of bone, dentin, and enamel is reviewed in Elliott (this volume), and crystallite size is briefly discussed here because it influences diagenetic susceptibility. Bones and shells are extremely common, but small crystallite size (a few nm wide, a few tens of nm long, and possibly less than 1 nm thick) and high porosity and organic content (for bone) make them extremely susceptible to recrystallization and isotopic alteration. Different types of bone do have different porosities, however, and cancellous ( spongy )... 

The Biomineralization section begins with a summary of the current state of research on bone, dentin and enamel phosphates, a topic that crosses disciplines that include mineralogical, medical, and dental research. The following two chapters treat the stable isotope and trace element compositions of modern and fossil biogenic phosphates, with applications to paleontology, paleoclimatology, and paleoecology. 

Chemical Factors - In spite of the known physical, mineralogical, and chemical differences that exist among various types of phosphate rocks, grade is typically the primary criterion used to differentiate phosphate rocks and is often expressed in terms of tricalcium phosphate [Ca3(P04)2]. The trade name for tricalcium phosphate is bone phosphate of lime or BPL. Early workers believed that tricalcium phosphate was the chief constituent of commercial phosphate rock. Later studies have shown that bones and phosphate rock consist of varieties of apatite. Because these commercial terms are widely used, the following conversion factors are included for reference purposes ... 

All fossil fuels are the remnants of organisms that existed, in most cases, many millions of years ago. Time and geologic processes involving heat and pressure chemically and physically altered the form of these organisms, turning them into mineralogical fossils (such as mineralized bones found in sedimentary rock formations) and the carbonaceous forms of coal, crude oil, and natural gas. When these carbonaceous materials are refined, they can be used as combustion fuels in fossil fuel power plants. 

Glimcher, M.. (2006) Bone nature of the calcium phosphate crystals and cellular, structural and physical chemical mechanisms in their formation, in Reviews in Mineralogy Si Geochemistry, vol. 64 (eds N. Sahai and M.A.A. Schoonen), Medical Mineralogy and Geochemistry, pp. 223-282. 

Beevers McIntyre (1946) Beevers, C.A. McIntyre, D.B. The atomic structure of fluorapatite and its relation to that of tooth and bone material Mineralogical Magazine 271 (1946) 254-257 Beguin (1669) Beguin, J. Tyrocinium Chymicum RusseU (trans.) London (1669)... 

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