Bomb damage

Indeed it does, as can be shown by the fits made in Britain for bomb damage to houses, following World War II. These fits, illustrated in Fig. 17, now form part of the basis for the British Quantity-Distance tables for explosives safety. 

Toxic substances can also be encountered in debris. For example, hazardous chemicals may have been legitimately stored in a blown up building or there could be lead from the batteries of bomb damaged motor vehicles. Another common hazard is the presence of asbestos in old buildings. 

Although Dynamite is the expl used in only one-quarter of all bombings, its use accounts (on an unknown-free basis) for at least 55% of bombing injuries, at least 65% of bombing fatalities, and about 80% of bombing damage (see Fig 2)... 

Bunker construction programme, 244 Coleme airfield, 123 Bomb damage, 116 Collins, Major General, 22 Colquhoun, Brian, 155, 167, 169, 188,197, 222... 

Home Defence Executive, 125 Home Guard, 42-43, 122, 134 Problems with, 124 Home Office, 246-247, 250,252 Hopkins of Huddersfield (boilermakers), 184 Hore Belisha, Leslie, 68 Hoskins Pond Ltd, 68 Housing liability grants, 198 Hudson-Hunslet Ltd, 77 Hudswell laboratories, 74 Hullavington airfield, bomb damage, 116 Hunter, Colonel, 17... 

Ammunition disposal at, 140 Battle headquarters, 122 Boilerhouse, 96 Bomb damage, 116-117 Conversion costs, 21 Conveyors, 82, 88, 92-93 D-Day issues, 134 Demolition pits, 135 Farleigh Down tunnel, 33, 91-94... 

Following the severe bomb damage sustained by BSA at its Small Heath works in November, 1940, ui ent discussions were held with the MAP at which a plan was formulated for the removal of 20% of the company s Browning gun barrel capacity into the long-disused limestone caverns at Dudley. 400 men would work underground, and the company required... 

Right, the unprimed grenade recovered by the Nazis in May 1941 after the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich. The twin of this specially modified British anti-tank grenade was the weapon which killed Heydrich. Did it contain a filling of lethal germs Above, Heydrich s bomb-damaged Mercedes a few hours after the attack. The Nazi leader suffered relatively minor splinter wounds, but mysteriously died a week later. 

Heydrich s bomb-damaged Mercedes a few hours after the attack. 

The subjects for research were taken from very different fields, with the purpose of combining the investigation of a scientific problem with the design of an actual industrial plant which later on permitted the checking of the precalculated results. Research by contract was necessary to increase the insufficient budget of the bomb-damaged institute. The variety of projects is shown by the following examples ... 

The outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 made work at Leipzig extremely difficult. Many students and postgraduates were called up for military service. In the further course of the war, the Institute suffered much damage from bombing. In spite of all these difficulties, Helferich attempted to maintain the functions of the Institute until, finally, in 1945, after 15 very successful years, he was evacuated to the Western Zone by the American forces of occupation. 

Countries and groups that lack access to nuclear weapons may still have opportunities to obtain radioactive materials such as spent nuclear fuel. A bomb in which a conventional explosive charge causes dispersal of radioactive material is known as a dirty bomb. Such a device could result in psychological effects exceeding the physical damage it caused. Once again, new techniques are needed for detection (of both the explosive and radioactive material), and decontamination procedures would be essential if such a device were used. 

On September 29, 1942, Dollfus reported to Edsel Ford that the Vichy government had paid French Ford 38,000,000 francs for damages incurred in the bombing of Poissy. Dollfus added that the Ford assets in France had been conserved regardless of various obstacles encountered. 

The most destructive incidents in the petroleum and related industries are usually initiated by an explosive blast that can damage and destroy unprotected facilities. These blasts have been commonly equated with the force of a TNT explosion and are quite literally a "bomb". The protection of hydrocarbon and chemical industries is in rather a unique discipline by itself, which requires specialized techniques of mitigation and protection in a systems based approach. The first step in this approach is to understand the characteristics of hydrocarbon releases, fires and explosions. 

Ground zero Location of a nuclear explosion. Exact location may be in the air (using a bomb or missile) or underground but is assumed in this text to be detonated on the ground, where it will do the most damage. 

Radiation from a dirty bomb can emanate from a blast site in a contaminated plume of smoke or in contaminated debris. Radiation cannot be detected without special instruments, and radiation exposures can occur even without direct contact. Therefore, leaving a damaged building does not eliminate the risk of exposure. An effective tool to minimize or eliminate the potential for hazardous substance exposure is to move away from the site of the attack and into a building that provides protection from airborne contaminants. 

The rescuing of survivors, treatment of casualties, and making the scene safe are aU likely to be priority tasks at any bombing incident, and additional potential hazards from fires, damaged buildings in a state of near coUapse, unexploded devices, or deliberately placed booby traps must also be home in mind. A cordon around the scene should be established at the earliest possible moment to control access and ensure the preservation of evidence. 

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