Body composition density

Routine monitoring of fasting lipid profile, bone mineral density, and body composition in children is not typically required during GH replacement but should be done before and after discontinuation of therapy.35... 

Two imaging systems, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning (DEXA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), allow for longitudinal studies of whole body composition. DEXA measures bone mineral density and content, fat content, and lean content in anesthetized mice. Echo MRI from Echo Medical System, Houston, TX, is used to measure whole body composition parameters such as total body fat, lean mass, body fluids, and total body water in live mice without the need for anesthesia or sedation (15). The MRI technology is more rapid, less than a minute to scan one mouse, than DEXA which takes about 5 min per mouse. 

Naggert, J. K., Svenson, K. L., Smith, IL V., Paigen, B. and Peters, L. L. (2006) Diet effects on bone mineral density and content, body composition, and plasma glucose, leptin and insulin levels MPD 143. Mouse Phenome Database (http //phenome.jax.org/pub-cgi/phenome /mpdcgi rtn=projects /list), The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine. 

H5. Heger, S., Partsch, C. J., and Sippell, W. G., Long-term outcome after depot gonadotropinreleasing hormone agonist treatment of central precocious puberty Final height, body proportions, body composition, bone mineral density, and reproductive function. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84, 4583-4590 (1999). 

Buskirk, E. R. (1961) Underwater weighing and body density a review of procedures. In Techniques for Measuring Body Composition (Brozek, J. Henschel, A., eds.), pp. 90-106, National Academy of Sciences and National Research Council, Washington, DC. 

The detailed chemistry of the stratum corneum is complicated by the membrane s composition, formation, and structure. Some gross chemical characterizations have determined the primary chemical components of the tissue which are shown in Table I (29). The tissue is primarily cellular with approximately 10% extracellular components which are lipid and mucopolysaccharides. The bulk of the tissue is densely packed intracellular fibrous protein associated with lipids, resulting in a dry general body corneum density of 1.35-1.40 gm/cm as determined by a gas displacement technique (30). 

Houtkooper LB, Ritenbaugh C, Aickin M, Lohman TG, Going SB, Weber JL et al. Nutrients, body composition and exercise are related to change in bone mineral density in premenopausal women. J Nutr 1995 125 1229-37. 

Kreider, R.B., Ferreira, M.P., Greenwood, M., Wilson, M., and Almada, A.L. 2002. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training on body composition, bone density, strength, and selected hematological markers. J. Strength Cond. Res. 16, 325-334. 

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation During Resistance-Training on Body Composition, Bone Density, Strength, and Selected Hematological Markers. J.Strennh Cond.Res. 3 325-334 (2002). 

Carbon in its various forms such as pyrolytic carbon, glassy carbon, carbon fiber, carbon fiber reinforced composites, and activated carbon has been a potential and important material in medical science and in medicinal applications. This is due to its properties such as good biocompatibiUty, nontoxicity, no immune reaction with the body, low density, chemical inertness, low coefficient of friction, elastic modulus similar to that of bone, and high adsorption capacity. Some of these applications of carbon materials have been discussed elsewhere" and are beyond the scope of this book. In this section we shall look into some of the medicinal applications based on adsorption by active carbons. Adsorbent carbons in the form of charcoal and activated carbons have been in use for medicinal and health applications for centuries and have been listed in the pharmacopoeia as antidotes and intestinal adsorbents. 

Bioelectrical impedance (BI) measures the opposition (impedance) of biological tissues to the flow of alternating electric current. This opposition is highly correlated both with the concentrations of electrolyte ions and water in the tissues, as well as with their structure cell sizes, density, and spacing [1]. In the field of body composition, the technique is known as Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), and it has been used for the estimation of total body water (TBW), fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) [2]. Impedance is measured using a tetrapolar approach as described in [3]. 

Degerblad M, Elgindy N, Hall K, Sjoberg HE, Thoren M. Potent effect of recombinant growth hormone on bone mineral density and body composition in adults with panhypopituitarism. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1992 126 387-393. 

Effects of birth weight and dietary caloric density on growth, volnntary intake and body composition of newborn lambs... 

Characterization. Ceramic bodies are characterized by density, mass, and physical dimensions. Other common techniques employed in characterizing include x-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron or petrographic microscopy to determine crystal species, stmcture, and size (100). Microscopy (qv) can be used to determine chemical constitution, crystal morphology, and pore size and morphology as well. Mercury porosknetry and gas adsorption are used to characterize pore size, pore size distribution, and surface area (100). A variety of techniques can be employed to characterize bulk chemical composition and the physical characteristics of a powder (100,101). 

The foregoing are volume integrals evaluated over the entire volume of the rigid body and dw is an infinitesimal element of weight. If the body is of uniform density, then the center of gravity is also called the centroid. Centroids of common lines, areas, and volumes are shown in Tables 2-1, 2-2, and 2-3. For a composite body made up of elementary shapes with known centroids and known weights the center of gravity can be found from... 

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