Blood glucose hormonal regulation

C. Blood glucose is regulated by the hormones insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine. 

The concentration of glucose in blood is hormonally regulated. Fluctuations in blood glucose level (normally 60 to 90 mg/100 mb, or about 4.5 mM) due to dietary intake or vigorous exercise are counterbalanced by a variety of hormonally triggered changes in the metabolism of several organs. 

Insulin is a peptide hormone, secreted by the pancreas, that regulates glucose metabolism in the body. Insufficient production of insulin or failure of insulin to stimulate target sites in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue leads to the serious metabolic disorder known as diabetes mellitus. Diabetes afflicts millions of people worldwide. Diabetic individuals typically exhibit high levels of glucose in the blood, but insulin injection therapy allows diabetic individuals to maintain normal levels of blood glucose. 

Storage and utilization of tissue glycogen, maintenance of blood glucose concentration, and other aspects of carbohydrate metabolism are meticulously regulated by hormones, including insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, and the glucocorticoids. 

Metabolic Hormonal Mechanisms Regulate the Concentration of the Blood Glucose... 

In addition to the direct effects of hyperglycemia in enhancing the uptake of glucose into the liver, the hormone insulin plays a central role in regulating blood glucose. It is produced by the B cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas in response to hyperglycemia. The B islet cells are freely permeable to glu-... 

Insulin a polypeptide pancreatic hormone involved in the regulation of blood glucose levels. 

Integration of the effects of these various hormones on the regulation of the blood glucose level... 

The effects of the glucose/fatty acid cycle and those of the hormones on the cycle, on the regulation of the blood glucose level, can be extended by two further changes in metabolism, (i) Fatty acids are taken up by hver and converted to ketone bodies, which are released... 

Regulation by interconversion (bottom). If the blood glucose level falls, the peptide hormone glucagon is released. This activates... 

The liver and kidney are the main organs involved in regulating blood glucose, both directly in response to blood glucose rise and fall as well as in response to hormones. 

Growth hormone, or somatotropin, is a protein that stimulates linear body growth in children and regulates cellular metabolism in both adults and children. Growth hormone stimulates lipolysis, enhances production of free fatty acids, elevates blood glucose, and promotes... 

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