Blood, analysis detection

TSK-Gel LS-160 Sodium perchlorate - potassium dihydrogen phosphate - Sodium chlo- ride. UV Applicable in urine and blood analysis. Detection limit 30 ng. 

Puacz et al. (1995) developed a catalytic method, based on the iodine-azide reaction, for the determination of hydrogen sulfide in human whole blood. The method involves the generation of hydrogen sulfide in an evolution-absorption apparatus. In addition, the method allows for the determination of sulfide in blood without interference from other sulfur compounds in blood. A detection limit of 4 g/dm3 and a percent recovery of 98-102% were achieved. Although the accuracy and precision of the catalytic method are comparable to those of the ion-selective electrode method, the catalytic method is simpler, faster, and would be advantageous in serial analysis. 

Clinical chemistry, particularly the determination of the biologically relevant electrolytes in physiological fluids, remains the key area of ISEs application [15], as billions of routine measurements with ISEs are performed each year all over the world [16], The concentration ranges for the most important physiological ions detectable in blood fluids with polymeric ISEs are shown in Table 4.1. Sensors for pH and for ionized calcium, potassium and sodium are approved by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) and implemented into commercially available clinical analyzers [17], Moreover, magnesium, lithium, and chloride ions are also widely detected by corresponding ISEs in blood liquids, urine, hemodialysis solutions, and elsewhere. Sensors for the determination of physiologically relevant polyions (heparin and protamine), dissolved carbon dioxide, phosphates, and other blood analytes, intensively studied over the years, are on their way to replace less reliable and/or awkward analytical procedures for blood analysis (see below). 

Few well characterized, validated methods are available for the determination of w-hexane in blood. A purge-and-trap method for volatiles has been developed and validated by researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (Ashley et al. 1992, 1994). Extension of the method to include /7-hexane should be possible. Current analytical methods utilize capillary GC columns and MS detection to provide the sensitivity and selectivity required for the analysis. Detection limits are in the low ppb range (Brugnone et al. 1991 Schuberth 1994). Headspace extraction followed by GC analysis has also been utilized for the determination of /7-hexanc in blood (Brugnone et al. 1991 Michael et al. 1980 Schuberth 1994) however, very little performance data are available. 

After absorption, lead enters the blood, and 97% is taken up by red blood cells. Here, lead has a half-life of two to three weeks during which there is some redistribution to the liver and kidney, then excretion into bile or deposition in bone. After an initial, reversible, uptake into bone, lead in bone becomes incorporated into the hydroxyapatite crystalline structure. Because of this, past exposure to lead is possible to quantitate using X-ray analysis. It is also possible to detect lead exposure and possible poisoning from urine and blood analysis, and the amount in blood represents current exposure. However, as lead is taken up into the red blood cell, both the free blood lead level and that in the erythrocytes needs to be known. 

Anastasi, J, Thangavelu, M., Vardiman, J. W., Hooberman, A L., Bian, M L., Larson, R. A, and Le Beau, M M. (1991) Interphase cytogenetic analysis detects minimal residual disease m a case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and resolves the question of origin of relapse after allogeneic transplantation. Blood 77, 1087-1091. 

The 1991 National Research Council report Monitoring Human Tissues for Toxic Substances recommended that any new program to assay chemical concentrations in tissues of the U.S. population be based primarily on analysis of blood. The use of blood permits sampling of a wider sector of the population, better comparison of exposed populations with national averages, repeat sampling of persons who have high tissue concentrations, and opportunities to follow chemical clearance with time. The 1991 report also advised analysis of adipose tissue (especially for persistent pesticides) that would provide continuity with previous studies and confirmation that a survey based on blood also detects important tissue residues of persistent chemicals (NRC 1991). 

Quantification. Gas Chromatography. In blood head-space analysis, detection limit 18 ng/ml, FID—J. M. Christensen et al, Clinica chim. Acta, 1981,116, 389-395. 

Gas Chromatography. In plasma or urine trichloroethanol, ECD—D. J. Berry, Chromat., 1975,107, 107-114. In blood or urine chloral hydrate, trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid, head-space analysis, detection limit 500 ng/ml for chloral hydrate and trichloroethanol, ECD—D. D. Breimer et al., J. Chromat., 1974,88, 55-63. 

Quantification. Gas Chromatography. In blood using head-space analysis, FID—F. N. Prior, Anaesthesia, 1972, 27, 379-389. In blo or urine trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid, using headspace analysis, detection limit 500 ng/ml for trichlo-... 

Blood analysis To directly detect prion proteins in blood one could take advantage of the specific binding of PrP to plasminogen, as soon as the specificity of this binding is clearly defined. 

Chronic Kidney Disease Detection. Chronic kidney disease is detected by a blood analysis for levels of creatinine. Higher levels of creatinine indicate a decreased glomerular filtration rate resulting in a decline in normal kidney function. A glomerular filtration rate of less than 60 milliliters per minute per 1.73 nP, for a period of three months, is classified as having chronic kidney disease. Red blood cells or excess protein detected in urinalysis may cause a physician to investigate more thoroughly. 

This instrument is a pocket-sized detector that uses the change in SAW frequency caused by adsorption of substances on the surface of polymeric sensors. The detector has two sensitivity modes fast mode has a detection cycle of 20 sec per analysis and high-sensitivity mode requires 1 min peranalysis. The detector automatically recycles after each analysis. It can detect nerve, blister, and blood agents. Blood agent detection Is done via EC sensors. 

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