Blood albumen

There are two general types of water-based adhesives solutions and latexes.Solutions are made from materials that are soluble only in water or in alkaline water. Examples of materials that are soluble only in water include animal glue, starch, dextrin, blood albumen, methyl cellulose, and polyvinyl alcohol. Examples of materials that are soluble in alkaline water include casein, rosin, shellac, copolymers of vinyl acetate or acrylates containing carboxyl groups, and carboxymethyl cellulose. 

The literature [5] indicates that there were many adhesives based on blood albumen or combinations of blood albumen with phenol-aldehydes, casein, soybean meal and other protein-based products. However, in aircraft structures blood-based glues would have been almost exclusively used in plywood [6,7]. With the aircraft industry s reluctance to use casein adhesives, due to their poor water resistance, blood albumen glues and/or blood albumen/casein or occasionally blood albumen/soya bean extract became the primary adhesive systems for the preparation of plywood until ousted by the Tego phenol-formaldehyde (P/F) system in the early to mid-1930s. 

Casein, like gelatin and blood albumen, is essentially a protein. It is obtained as a precipitate from skimmed milk, which bas been treated with sulfuric, hydrochloric or lactic acid. The glue is prepared by blending the preeipitated casein (which also contains several milk-product impurities) and alkaline salts (generally of calcium, sodium or boron) in an aqueous medium. To set - i.e. to achieve a solid state - the adhesive solution pH is adjusted to between 9 and 13. 

AlBeMet (beryllium—aluminum), 3 648-649, 649t, 650t Alberger process, 22 805 Alborixin, 20 131, 137 Albumin. See also Egg albumen as blood substitute, 4 111 processes, 12 146 properties of, 12 151t worldwide use of, 12 147-148 Alcalase, 10 252 Alcan multipolar cell, 15 337 Alcogel, 23 56... 

In 1857 Jerome Nickles demonstrated the presence of fluorine in the blood of many mammals and birds. In disagreement with Berzelius, he regarded the fluorine in bones as an essential ingredient. Fluorine, said Nickl s, exists in the bile, in the albumen of the egg, in gelatine, in mine, in saliva, in hair in a word, the animal organism is penetrated by fluorine, and it may be expected to be found in all the liquids which impregnate it (163). 

When submitted to the same operation, ho found that the charcoal produced from starch, wheat, rice, gall-nnta, indigo, gluten, gelatin, albumen, blood, and skin, and, in fact, those derived from all animal matters, would not undergo combustion. 

At the positive pole undecomposed and partially decomposed, blood-corpuscles were present in large quantities. The fluid gave a precipitate of albumen with nitric acid, mercuric chloride and lead acetate. 

Albumen.2—When an albumen solution was electrolyzed by Dumas and Prevost, under conditions similar to those used by Becquerel for blood, the alkali metal went to the negative pole, hydrogen was evolved, and acetic and phosphoric acids appeared > at the positive pole. The result of this is that the albumen is coagulated at the negative pole (by the alkali present), while at the positive pole the solution remains clear. 

Certain people may object to the finings used in wines on moral grounds, but the lack of relevant additives listed on the label make it impossible for the consumer to be able to choose. Permitted finings include isinglass (from the swim bladder of certain tropical fish, especially the Chinese sturgeon), egg albumen, gelatine (from animal bones), modified casein (from milk), tannin (from wood), chitin (from the shells of crabs or lobsters) or ox blood (rarely used today). Non-animal alternatives include bentonite, kieselguhr and kaolin clays, and silica gel or solution. 

The active ingredient in blood glues is albumen. It is a protein with a molecular weight of about 69,000 (9). In the adhesives industry, the physical characteristics of the blood, such as solubility and viscosity in solution, are more generally used to characterize it than are more fundamental chemical traits. The suitability of blood for adhesives is generally determined on a supplier-by-supplier and lot-by-lot basis. 

Bois durd was also a natural polymer. It was made of albumen, usually from ox blood, but sometimes from egg white, reinforced with wood flour. The wood flour was usually from a dark hardwood, which gave the best result. It was compression moulded in heavy, metal moulds. It is a heavier material than most of the plastics, even among the early ones. It is no longer in production. 

Serum albumin was recognized as a principal component of blood as early as 1839 (Ancell, 1839). Early researchers generally referred to protein as albumen stemming from Ladn albus after the white color of flocculant precipitates produced by various proteins. Today, one should be aware that several proteins share this name but they are structurally and functionally unrelated to serum albumin, e.g., ovalbumin and prealbumin. Hence, care should be taken to distinguish ablumen, which refers to egg whites, from albumin or serum albumin. 

Toward the end of the nineteenth century, European pharmacologists demonstrated the heterogeneity of the protein (albumen) in blood serum. Concentrated salt solutions were employed to precipitate the globulins. After the work of Kander (K2) and Lewith (LIO) the serum protein, which remained in solution after mixing diluted serum with an equal volume of ammonium sulfate solution saturated at 25°C (final concentration 2.05 Af), was designated albumin. ... 

When certain hormones bind to their receptors in adipose tissue, a cascade mechanism releases fatty acids and glycerol from triacylglycerol molecules. Triacylglycerol lipase (sometimes referred to as hormone-sensitive lipase) is activated when it is phosphorylated by protein kinase. Protein kinase is activated by cAMP. After their transport across the plasma membrane, fatty acids are transported in blood to other organs bound to serum albumen. 

To Hake Albumen. Expose the strained white of egg, < r tho serum of bullock s blood in a thin stratum, to a current of dry air, until it hardens into a solid trana-poxent substance. 

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