Crossover efficiency

Noble metal dispersions and surface areas Table 2 lists the apparent dispersions obtained from the CO methanation technique. No correlation is observed between dispersion and catalyst performance as measured by the CO/NOx crossover efficiencies. The C2 and C3 Pd-only TWCs, despite their extremely high CO/NOx crossover efficiencies, gave apparent dispersions of 3.5 and 3.0% after 75 and 120 h aging versus higher values of 5.9% for the Pd/Rh catalyst (E) and 4.3% for the Pt/Rh catalyst (G). both of which displayed low CO/NOx crossover efficiencies. Even between the two Pd/Rh catalysts, catalyst E h2is an apparent dispersion more than four times that of catalyst F, yet the two are nearly identical in their CO/NOx crossover efficiencies. 

Catalyst CO/NOx crossover efficiency %) Dispersion (%) NM Surface Area (m%-cat.)... 

Besides, the so-formed copolymers being living, with high crossover efficiency toward block copolymers, it also appeared to be an efficient route for the synthesis of water-soluble macroalkoxyamines employed for surfactant-free emulsion polymerization of MMA at temperatures below 90°C. ... 

Efficiency. Since only 35 to 50% of fired duty is absorbed in the radiant section, the flue gas leaving the radiant chamber contains considerable energy that can be extracted efficiently in the convection section of the furnace. In the convection section, the feed is preheated along with dilution steam to the desired crossover temperature. Residual heat is recovered by generating steam. The overall thermal efficiency of modem furnaces exceeds 93%, and a value of 95% is not uncommon. 

Simply speaking, the CPU may be spending most of its time waiting for data to be transferred from disk. Direct methods, on the other hand, use the CPU with a near 100% efficiency. For machines without fast disk transfer (like workstation type machines) the crossover point for direct vs. conventional methods in terms of wall clock time may be so low that direct methods are always preferred. 

One may conclude from all these studies that the loss in fuel utilization and Coulombic efficiency in a DMFC due to methanol crossover is still a major barrier in the development of such types of electrochemical power sources. 

Anionic polymerization and suitable Unking chemistry were employed for the synthesis of 3-arm PCHD-fc-PS star-block copolymers with PCHD either as the inner or the outer block (Scheme 77) [153]. The block copolymers were prepared by sequential addition of monomers. It was shown that the crossover reaction of either PSIi or PCHDLi was efficient and led to well-defined block copolymers. However, in the case of the PCHD-fc-PSLi copolymers, longer polymerization times were needed for long PCHD... 

Another way of reducing the reverse recovery current shoot-through is simply to ensure that the boost diode is carrying no forward current at the moment when the switch starts to turn ON. The diode then blocks reverse voltage instantly. In other words, running the Boost in DCM or BCM (boundary conduction mode, i.e., at the critical boundary) will produce higher peak currents, but smaller inductors (yes, if r is large, the size of any inductor typically reduces ), and perhaps much better efficiency too, because now, the turn-on crossover loss becomes zero. 

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