Bleach, urine

Glucose HDL cholesterol Phosphate Iron LDL cholesterol Lithium Magnesium Potassium Sodium Total protein Triglyceride Urea nitrogen Uric acid PCP Urine bleach Urine chromate Urine nitrates Urine pH Urine specific gravity Tliyroid (T4) Vancomycin... 

A controlled dermal exposure study was conducted recently at Oregon State University in which 2,1, 5-T ester formulation was applied to the skin of humans (lU) Four concentrations of 2,1+,5-T ester emulsion were applied to the point of runoff on bleached denim patches, 900 square centimeters in area. The patches were then held in close contact with the skin on the upper thigh of four volunteers, including one woman. The patches were removed after 2 hours and total urine was collected for 5 days. As shown in Table IV, less than 0.5% of the applied 2,U,5-T was absorbed from the cloth, even when soaked with concentrated spray solutions. 

Kaba and Hitchens (1989) found that electrolysis of a mixture of urine and feces produced C02, N2, and H2. Some HOC1 is generated this eliminates the pathogens and bleaches the contents. The anodic reactions at 90 °C consume the biomass the cathode evolves hydrogen and can be assumed to deposit the small metal content. The residuum is sodium chloride from the urine. Most of the electrochemical studies that establish the basis of a practical process for electrochemical sewage treatment have been carried out on packed-bed electrodes as shown in Fig. 15.29. 

The glucose oxidase method (used in the dipsticks and by many automated analyzers) can show a false positive result in some species (e.g, dog, mouse) with high urinary ascorbate levels or in urine contaminated with hypochlorite (bleach) used as a disinfectant (Finco 1997 Loeb and Quimby 1999). 

In ancient Rome, urine was a valuable commodity. Vessels were placed on street corners for passers-by to urinate into. Bacteria would degrade the urea, releasing ammonium ion, which would act as a bleach to brighten togas. 

Kaba and Hitchens made a discovery in 1989 [36], They found that if fecal material was mixed with urine, the electrolysis of the mixture leads to the production of hydrogen at low cost. The production of a colorless, odorless liquid is due to the bleaching effect of the coevolution of chlorine at the anode. The complete elimination of the organic contents of the solid material is possible. (No sludge )... 

Similar to bleach, ammonia can whiten the color of materials. Ammonia can be gathered by concentrating urine this was used to clean clothing, as well as make tooth paste and mouthwash by the ancient Romans. 

In forensic toxicology, the term "adulterant" has a different meaning. An adulterant is something added to a urine sample to mask or otherwise defeat the detection of another substance. Bleach is a common adulterant that will cause many screening tests to fail. As a result, it is sometimes necessary to test a sample for the presence of adulterants as well as for the presence of taiget analytes. 

Franke, A.A. and Custer, L.J. (1994) Higji-performance liquid chromatographic assay of isoflavonoids and coumestrol from human urine. Jourrml of Chromatography B 662, 47-60. Kiparissis, Y., Hughes, R., and Metcalfe, C. (2001) Identification of the isoflavonoid genistein in bleached Kraft mill effluent. Environmental Science and Technology 35, 2423-2427. 

Mixing bleach with some other household chemicals can be hazardous due to unwanted side reactions. Adding acid (even vinegar) to bleach generates chlorine gas, as mentioned above, whereas mixing bleach with ammonia solutions (even urine ) can produce chloroamines, which are toxic. So remember, if you put bleach down your toilet, flush it before you pee ... 

A 16-year-old boy taking mesalazine (1.2 g, once daily) for the past 3 years to treat his ulcerative colitis reported two separate episodes of red-brown-appearing urine. Urine samples collected on the following day of each episode revealed normal macro- and microscopic patterns. The only other recent medication was a daily multivitamin preparation with iron. The patient had noted that his urine developed the abnormal colour only after contact with toilet water at home. The toilet had recently been cleaned with a solution containing sodium hypochlorite, the active ingredient in household bleach. A normal urine sample, collected from another 15-year-old boy with ulcerative colitis under therapy with oral mesalazine (400 mg, three times daily), was then mixed with 2 mL of commercial sodium hypochlorite bleach and a red-brown discoloration developed spontaneously [90 ]. 

The Br value of human blood lies between 227 and 572 y per 100 ml., the average being 372 y for blood, and 656 y for urine (Conway and Flood, 1936). Impure table salt, baking powder, and the hypochlorite used in flour bleaching are common sources of bromine in the diet. (l,000y = 1 mg.). 

Nitrites, which appear in stale urine, interfere with the test by forming yellow nitro derivatives, which, unlike the urea pigment, are not bleached by addition of alkali. Sulphanilamide, which may appear in the urine after administration of one of the many forms of the drug, gives an intense red colour with the reagent, and thus may be estimated colorimetrically (A. E. Werner, 1938). 

A urine sample can be adulterated in two ways. One is by ingesting a product that is intended to mask the presence of the drug. The second way is to add something to the sample such as bleach, water or vinegar. Most labs now perform adrdteration tests looking for substances that have been introduced into the sample. 

Reddish-brown discolouration of the urine of a patient taking levodopa 4 g daily was found to be due to contact with chlorine bleach used to clean the toilet bowl. The test was repeated in vitro on the urine of several patients (59). 

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