Blasticidin antibiotic

Aminohexose Nucleosides. The 4-aminohexose nucleosides (128—140) are Hsted in Table 7 (1—4,240—242). A biosynthetic relationship between the 4-aminohexose peptidyl nucleoside antibiotics and the pentopyranines has been proposed (1). The 4-aminohexose pyrimidine nucleoside antibiotics block peptidyl transferase activity and inhibit transfer of amino acids from aminoacyl-tRNA to polypeptides. Hikizimycin, gougerotin, amicetin, and blasticidin S bind to the peptidyl transferase center at overlapping sites (243). 

D-Glucofuranosylamine)uronic acids attained biological significance after nucleoside antibiotics containing hexuronic acid residues were isolated from natural sources examples are gougerotin and blasticidin S. 

Actinomycin D, Antibiotic 205-2B, Blasticidin, Cycloheximide(actidione), Daunomycin DPB, Mithramycin, Mitomycin C, Pentaene G8, and Tubercidin. 

Blasticidins are produced by Streptomyces grieseochro -mogens and inhibit several species of bacteria and fungi (31). Pseudomonas is particularly vulnerable to blasticidin S. Piricularia oryzae causing the blast disease of rice is widely controlled with blasticidin S in Japan. It is applied to the rice plants after infection by the fungus has already ocurred(32), since the antibiotic affects the myce -lial phase more than the spore phase. It would be desirable to search for spore killing antibiotics to control soil-inhabiting microbes and to destroy the inoculum before it infects the crop. 

Select the clones with the appropriate concentration of the two antibiotics (blasticidin to maintain Tet-repressor construct and puromycin for the shRNA-expressing construct) changing medium every 3 or 4 days. 

Wait at least 24 h after transfection to allow for sufficient expression of the resistance gene before adding antibiotics. Include two plates as controls one plate of transfected cells without antibiotic selection as positive control for cell viability and another plate of untransfected cells, seeded at the same density and treated with blasticidin to monitor cell resistance and antibiotic activity. All cells should die in this control under antibiotic selective pressure. 

There are a variety of natural antibiotics which contain a pyrimidine or reduced pyrimidine ring <2005CBI1>, and several of these are used therapeutically for a number of different applications. Blasticidin S and the polytoxins were mentioned in the section on antifungals, but other examples include amicetin, capreomycin, gougerotin, and viomycin, as well as the bleomycins and phleomycins. 

There are two commercial fungicides, the antibiotics blasticidin S and kasugamycin, that act via the inhibition of protein biosynthesis (Figure 4.19). Blasticidin S is a fermentation product obtained from cultures of Streptomyces griseochromogenes, and has specific activity in the control of P. oryzae, similar to kasugamycin, a secondary metabolite of S. kasugaensis. However, much of the earlier work on mode of action was carried out using another antibiotic, cycloheximide. 

Blasticidin (52) is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces griseochro-mogenes in 1955 [87]. Detailed physicochemical properties were reported in 1968, but the structure remained undefined [88]. Interest in this metabolite was renewed recently with the isolation of the homologous compounds aflastatin A and B (53, 54), metabolites of S. griseochro-... 

T. Kondo, H. Nakai, and T. Goto, Synthesis of cytosinine, the nucleoside component of antibiotic blasticidin S, Tetrahedron, 29 (1973) 1801-1806. 

Blasticidin S. Blasticidin S is the first successful agricultural antibiotic developed in Japan. It was isolated from the culture filtrates of Streptomyces griseochromogenes by Takeuchi et al. (7), and the potent curative effect of blasticidin S on rice blast was found by Misato et al. (8) Thereafter the benzyl-aminobenzene sulfonate of blasticidin S was reported to be least phytotoxic to the host plant without reducing antifungal activity against Pyricularia oryzae, the pathogen of rice blast (9), and... 

One of the most serious problems on plant disease control is the virulence of virus diseases. Trials to develop antiviral antibiotics have been enthusiastically conducted by many workers. Consequently, many antibiotics have been revealed to be effective on inhibiting the multiplication of several plant viruses by in vitro test and pot test. They are blasticidin S, laurusin, bihoromycin, miharamycin, citrinin and aabomycin A etc. However,... 

The aminoaqfl-4-aminohexosyl-cytosine group of antibiotics is classified based on chemical structures (Fig. 4.11) each of which contains a cytosine base. Included in this group are blasticidin S, gougerotin, amicetin and bamicetin [46]. These antibiotics are not used therapeutically. However blasticidin S is an important antifungal used on rice crops. Only the crystal structure of blasticidin S bound to the ribosome is available. The chemical structure of blasticidin S resembles that of pep-tidyl-cytidine, although not as closely as puromycin resembles a tyrosylated adenosine (Fig. 4.11). 

Pleomycin [30] and blasticidin S [31, 32] resistance genes are suitable selection markers for gene disruption experiments, as they confer resistance to the antibiotics as single-copy genes. The blasticidin deaminase gene (hsr) is inserted as a single copy only if low concentrations of 5-10 pg mL blasticidin are used for selection. Otherwise, between one and 20 copies per cell have been observed after selection with 10-60 pg blasticidin [24, 28]. 

Blasticidin S is an antibiotic of pyrimidine type, discovered in 19SS in the metabolites of Streptomyces griseochromogenes Fu i imgpetal., 1955). Blastiddin S, soluble in water, appears in the form of white needles. Its structure was eluddated by Yonehara and Otake (1966) S-[4-[3-amino-5-[(amino-imino-mcthyl)-methyl-amino]-1 -oxopentylj-amino]-1 -[4-amino-2-oxo-1 (2H)-pyrimidinyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrade-oxy- -D-er/7rohex-2-ene pyranuronic acid (9). 

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