Black, William

Black, William, A descriptive, analytical and critical catalogue of the manuscripts bequeathed unto the University of Oxford by Elias Ashmole Ox ord, 1845). 

Joseph Black was born in Bordeaux, France, the fourth child of parents of Scottish extraction. His father was a native of Belfast engaged in the Bordeaux wine trade his mother was a daughter of an Aberdeen man who had settled in Bordeaux. In all. Black s parents had twelve children. At the age of twelve Black was sent to school in Belfast, and around 1744 proceeded to the University of Glasgow. Black followed the standard curriculum until pressed by his father to choose a profession. He opted for medicine. Black began to study anatomy and chemisti-y. William Cullen had recently inaugurated lectures in chemisti y that were to have a decisive influence on Black s career. Recognizing Black s aptitude, Cullen employed Black as his laboratory assistant. 

William Henry Perkin, an 18-year-old working in the back room and outdoor shed of his London home, had discovered in black coal tar a beautiful purple dye that would change the world. For the first time in history, color could be democratized. William Henry Perkin and his purple, later known as mauve, rescued the poor and middle classes from their age-old austerity of hues. Natural dyes were expensive and, before Perkin s synthetic mauve, millions of poor people lived their lives in untreated drab and dingy fibers. Even for the middle class, pieces of brilliantly dyed cloth were treasures to be reused from garment to garment and from year to year. It was the schoolboy William Henry Perkin and his successors who would give the world the ample abundance of tints that only the rich had previously enjoyed. 

Of the major solids formed from melts, many, but not all, at equilibrium, the overwhelming influence is of cooperative interaction between ionic units of similar shape and size as we see in crystals. Trace elements apart from forming isolated minerals are fractioned in bulk oxides, for example, in particular orders as the melt solidifies, and this reduces the relative availability of some elements such as Cr and Ni (see Williams, and Williams and Frausto da Silva (1999) in Further Reading). Again the interaction of selective molten minerals and water creates extremely reactive environments and such environments still exist, especially in the deep sea black smokers (hydrothermal vents), around which particular mixed minerals form, which could also have been involved in prebiotic chemistry and are still involved in the peculiarities of life in these smokers . In Figure 1.6 we summarise... 

It is a pleasure to thank Rudolph Black of the United States Advanced Research Projects Agency, who, in May 1971, funded our proposal that "temperature variations in past climates may be evaluated by measuring stable isotope ratios in natural data banks such as tree ring and varve sequences". We thank William Best of the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research who monitored our study and Frank Eden of the U.S. National Science Foundation who subsequently provided further funds. 

Ghebremeskel, K., G. Williams, R.A. Brett, R. Burek, and L.S. Harbige. 1991. Nutrient composition of plants most favoured by black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in the wild. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 98A 529-534. 

Black LJ, Sato M, Rowley ER, Magee DE, Bekele A, Williams DC, et al. (1994) Raloxifene (LY139481 HC1) prevents bone loss and reduces serum cholesterol without causing uterine hypertrophy in ovariectomized rats. J Clin Invest 93 63-69... 

Williams DC, Paul DC, Black LJ (1991) Effects of estrogen and tamoxifen on serum osteocalcin levels in ovariectomized rats. Bone Miner 14 205-220... 

Rayleigh scattering is named after its discoverer, John William Strutt (1842-1919), third Baron Rayleigh, an English physicist. He also did important work on acoustics and black-body radiation... 

On the "chemical philosophy" of the Paracelsian tradition, see Allen G. Debus, The Chemical Philosophy Paracelsian Science andMedicine in the 16th and 17th Centuries, 2 vols. (New York Science History Publications, 1977). Also see Arthur Donovan, Philosophical Chemistry in the Scottish Enlightenment The Doctrines and Discoveries of William Cullen and Joseph Black (Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press, 1975). 

Donovan, Arthur. Philosophical Chemistry in the Scottish Enlightenment. The Doctrines and Discoveries of William Cullen and Joseph Black. Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press, 1975. 

Jordan, White over Black, pp. 3-43 William Cronon, Changes in the Land (New York Hill and Wang, 1984) Alden Vaughn, Roots of American Racism Essays on the Colonial Experience (New York Oxford, 1995). 

William Brink and Louis Harris, Black and White A Study of US. Racial Attitudes Today (New York Simon and Shuster, 1967) Andrew Bill-... 

The method of assessment of odour offensiveness was based on that of Sobel (19). 20 ml samples of slurry were tranferred to 60 ml black glass bottles as described by Williams (5). These were handed to panellists in their own offices or laboratories where they were already accustomed to the background odour and were least hindered by interruption. The panellists were shown a copy of Table I and asked to assign the odour offensiveness of each sample to a value between 0 and 5. They were specifically requested not to consider the samples relative strength compared with the other samples. 

Dolly, J.O., Black, J., Williams, R.S. and Melling, J., Acceptors for botulinum neurotoxin reside on motor nerve terminals and mediate its internalization. Nature, 307, 457 60, 1984. 

Black PJ, Cami-Kobeci G, Edwards MG, Slatford PA, Whittlesey MK, Williams JMJ (2006) Org Biomol Chem 4 116-125... 

At several points in his career, Julian received critical support, encouragement and guidance from several mentors, mostly whites. The first and most important was William Blanchard of DePauw, who first inspired Julian s love of chemistry. Blanchard wanted Julian to be chair of DePauw s chemistry department. He would be the first black professor of chemistry in any white institution in America. However, Blanchard s enlightemnent was not universally shared by some of his colleagues who deemed such an appointment as inadvisable (de BCruif, 1946). 

Roe, 1953 Wuthnow, 1985 Zuckerman, 1977). Overall, African Americans are less likely than whites to evaluate their marriages as positive. Significant black/white differences in marital stability may also be explained by differences in levels of education and income (Jaynes Williams, 1989). However, Murry et al. (2001, p. 916) emphasize that one source of stress that is unique to the African American experience is racial discrimination. They assert that exposure to chronic racial discrimination actually amplifies other stressors on the African American families. 

Jay, J. M. (1971). Negroes in science Natural science doctorates, 1876-1969. Detroit Balcamp. Jaynes, G. D., Williams, R. M. (19 9). A common destiny Blacks and American society. Washington, DC National Academy Press. 

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