Cullen, William

Joseph Black was born in Bordeaux, France, the fourth child of parents of Scottish extraction. His father was a native of Belfast engaged in the Bordeaux wine trade his mother was a daughter of an Aberdeen man who had settled in Bordeaux. In all. Black s parents had twelve children. At the age of twelve Black was sent to school in Belfast, and around 1744 proceeded to the University of Glasgow. Black followed the standard curriculum until pressed by his father to choose a profession. He opted for medicine. Black began to study anatomy and chemisti-y. William Cullen had recently inaugurated lectures in chemisti y that were to have a decisive influence on Black s career. Recognizing Black s aptitude, Cullen employed Black as his laboratory assistant. 

In 1748, William Cullen of the University of Glasgow in. Scotland made the earliest demonstration of inati-... 

OMENN G S, GOODMAN G E, THORNQUIST M D, BALMES J, CULLEN M R, GLASS A, KEOGH J P, MEYSKENS F L, VALANIS B, WILLIAMS J H, BARNHART S and HAMMAR S (1996) Effects of a combination of beta-carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N EnglJ Med 1150-1155. 

Omenn, GS, Goodman, GE, Thomquist, MD, Balmes, J, Cullen, MR, Glass, A, Keogh, JP, Meyskens, FL, Valanis, B, Williams, JH, Barnhart, S, Cherniack, MG, Brodkin, CA, and Harnmar, S, 1996. Risk factors for lung cancer and for intervention effects in CARET, the beta-carotene and retinol efficacy trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 88, 1550-1559. 

Goodman GE, Thomquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Meyskens FL, Omenn GS, Valanis B and Williams JH. 2004. The (1-carotene and retinol efficacy trial incidence of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality during 6-year follow-up after stopping (5-carotene and retinol supplements. J Natl Cancer Inst 96(23) 1743—1750. 

On the "chemical philosophy" of the Paracelsian tradition, see Allen G. Debus, The Chemical Philosophy Paracelsian Science andMedicine in the 16th and 17th Centuries, 2 vols. (New York Science History Publications, 1977). Also see Arthur Donovan, Philosophical Chemistry in the Scottish Enlightenment The Doctrines and Discoveries of William Cullen and Joseph Black (Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press, 1975). 

Donovan, Arthur. Philosophical Chemistry in the Scottish Enlightenment. The Doctrines and Discoveries of William Cullen and Joseph Black. Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press, 1975. 

Bates, D.W., Miller, E.B., Cullen, D.J., Burdiek, L., Williams, L., and Laird, N., Patient risk faetors for adverse drug events in hospitalized patients, zlrcA Intern. Med., 159 2553-2560 (1999). 

Priestley s empiricism has been discussed Jan Golinski, Utility and Audience in Eighteenth-Century Chemistry Case Studies of William Cullen and Joseph Priestley, Br. J. Hist. Sci. 21 (1988) 1-31. See also Golinski, Science as Public Culture. 

Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK. Clinical Anesthesia (4th edn). Lippincott, Williams Wilkins Philadelphia, 2001. 

The next important work upon the gases of the atmosphere was that of Dr. Joseph Black (1728-1799). Black was of Scotch extraction, though his father was bom in Ireland, and himself at Bordeaux, where his father was established as a wine merchant. Black s elementary schooling was at Belfast thereafter he attended the University of Glasgow as a student of medicine. Here he came under the inspiring influence of Dr. William Cullen, a professor of medicine and a lecturer on chemistry. Black was taken by Dr. Cullen as his assistant in chemistry in which capacity he served three years. 

Bergman s Essays, translated by William Cullen, London, 1784, I, pp. 75, 76 also the same in French in Opuscules chymiques et physiques de Bergman, translated par M. de Morvcau, Dijon, 1780, pp. 62, 63. 

Barash, P. G., R. K. Stoelling, and B. F. Cullen Clinical Anesthesia, 4th Edition, Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 2000. 

Catenated Organic Compounds of Silicon, Germanium, Tin, and Lead Henry Gilman, William H. Atwell, and Frank K. Cartledge Cyclobutadiene-Metal Complexes P. M. Maitlis Organoarsenic Chemistry W. R. Cullen... 

The Poems by William Cullen Bryant Conjunction of Jupiter and Venus... 

Bryant, William Cullen. The Poems of William Cullen Bryant. D. Appleton and Company, New York. 1860. 

Omenn GS, Goodman G, Thornquist M, Barnhart S, Balmes J, Cherniack M, Cullen M, Glass A, Keogh J, Liu D, Meyskens F Jr, Perloff M, Valanis B, and Williams J Jr (1996a) Chemoprevention of lung cancer the beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) in high-risk smokers and asbestos-exposed workers. lARC Scientific Publication 136, 67-85. 

For a detailed discussion, see J. R. R. Christie, Historiography of Chemistry in the Eighteenth Century Hermann Boerhaave and William Cullen, Ambix 41, 1994, 4-19. 

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