Black block copolymer films

Pioneering work in the incorporation of functional proteins into polymer bilayers was performed by Meier et al., who integrated membrane proteins into black block copolymer membranes [250], This work proved that proteins could be incorporated into hyperthick triblock copolymer membranes while maintaining their functionality as measured by membrane conductance. Incorporation of proteins in black block copolymer films has been expanded for applications in sensors [251] and protein driven energy transduction [252] across polymeric biomembranes. 

It was already noted in previous studies, that added salt affects the micellar structure only above a certain value of the salt concentration cs. In studies of PtBS-PSSNa block copolymers a dependence of the brush dimension on the added salt concentration appeared above cs=0.01 mol/1. The thickness of a free-standing black films drawn from a diblock polyelectrolyte solution exhibited a steady drop above ionic strengths of 0.2 mol/1 [39]. 

Xu T, Stevens J, Villa JA, Goldbach JT, Guarini KW, Black CT, Hawker CJ, Russell TP. 2003. Block copolymer surface reconstruction a reversible route to nanoporous films. Adv Funct Mater 13 698 702. 

T. Xu, J. Stevens, J. Villa, J. Goldbach, K. Guarini, C. Black, C. Hawker, and T. Russell, "Block Copolymer Surface Reconstruction A Reversible Route to Nanporous Films," Adv. Func. Mater 13,698-699 (2003). 

Reproduced with permission from K.G. Yager, E. Lai, C.T. Black, Self-assembled phases of block copolymer blend thin films, ACS Nano 8 (2014) 10582-10588. 

Figure 25.6 AFM phase images demonstrate a single PaMS-b-PHOST film having both regions of spherical morphology and regions of cylindrical morphology. (Reprinted with permission from J.K. Bosworth, C.T. Black and C.K. Ober, Selective area control of self-assembled pattern architecture using a lithographically pattemable block copolymer, ACS Nano, 3, 1761-1766, 2009. 2009 American Chemical Society.)...

Based on the procedures described in the previous sections, one can obtain nanomechanical maps of a wide variety of polymeric and biological materials, including carbon black (CB)-reinforced natural rubber (NR) [40], carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced NR [41,42], reactive polymer blend [43], block copolymers [9,21,44,45], deformed plastics [46,47], human hair [48,49], honeycomb-patterned polymer films [50-52], CNT-reinforced hydrogel [53], and diffusion front of polymer [54,55]. The detailed descriptions are also found in other literatures [56-59]. Hereafter, several example studies are reviewed. 

Emulsion Films Stabilized by A-B-A Block Copolymers Brush-to-Brush Interaction and Transition to the Newton Black Film... 

Electrical conductivity measurements have been reported on a wide range of polymers including carbon nanofibre reinforced HOPE [52], carbon black filled LDPE-ethylene methyl acrylate composites [28], carbon black filled HDPE [53], carbon black reinforced PP [27], talc filled PP [54], copper particle modified epoxy resins [55], epoxy and epoxy-haematite nanorod composites [56], polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blends [57], polyacrylonitrile based carbon fibre/PC composites [58], PC/MnCli composite films [59], titanocene polyester derivatives of terephthalic acid [60], lithium trifluoromethane sulfonamide doped PS-block-polyethylene oxide (PEO) copolymers [61], boron containing PVA derived ceramic organic semiconductors [62], sodium lanthanum tetrafluoride complexed with PEO [63], PC, acrylonitrile butadiene [64], blends of polyethylene dioxythiophene/ polystyrene sulfonate, PVC and PEO [65], EVA copolymer/carbon fibre conductive composites [66], carbon nanofibre modified thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers [67], PPY [68], PPY/PP/montmorillonite composites [69], carbon fibre reinforced PDMS-PPY composites [29], PANI [70], epoxy resin/PANI dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid blends [71], PANI/PA 6,6 composites [72], carbon fibre EVA composites [66], HDPE carbon fibre nanocomposites [52] and PPS [73]. 

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