Black, Alizarin dyeing

Disazo JMordant Dyes. Examples of disazo dyes are Diamond Alizarine Black SN [3258-74-0] (55) (Cl Mordant Black 25 Cl 21725) and a secondary disazo dye. Diamond Black F [8027-29-0] (56) (Cl Mordant Black 5 Cl 26695). 

Artificial dyes in the laboratory of the Lancashire calico-printer John Lightfoot included his own invention of aniline black he also pioneered new methods for mordanting and the use of vanadium in aniline black printing.104A general account has been given of the role of rosaniline in the development of the synthetic dye industry.105 A paper on quinones focuses chiefly on the case of anthraquinone and the synthesis of alizarin from anthracene.106... 

The use of alizarin as a dye depends upon the fact that with mor- dants of metallic oxides it forms insoluble lakes which are deposited on the fibers of the cloth and thus dye it. These lakes are of different colors depending upon the metallic salt used. Aluminium gives a red color known as Turkey red. Ferrous iron gives hlack-molet and ferric iron a brown-black. Tin produces a red-violet color as stannous salts and a violet as stannic. Chromium salts give a brown-violet color. 

Alizarin gives entirely different shades with different metals. In dyeing and printing the beautiful red alumina lake and the violet-black iron lake are almost exclusively used. Sometimes the chromium lake is also applied. 

Cerium carbide and nitride have been tried as filaments for incandescent lamps.2 Pure cerium nitrate is used in the manufacture of gas mantles. The reducing action of cerous compounds is used for producing a variegated effect in dyeing fabrics. The salts of cerium are used for making aniline black and as a base for the alizarin group of dyestuffs. 

Dyes may be classified according to their constitution, such as azo dyes, phthaleins, alizarines, etc., but from the standpoint of the dyer the more important classification is that which is based on the behavior of the dyes with fibers. Dyes are grouped in this way as substantive or direct, and adjective or mordant. Dyes are also classed as acidic and basic. In addition to the dyes belonging to these classes, there are a few, such as indigo and other Vat dyes, aniline black, and the so-called ingrain colors, which are produced by chemical reactions within the fiber. 

This reaction has been applied to the technical preparation of important dyes such as Alizarin Green S, Alizarin Bordeaux, Alizarin Cyanine R, and Alizarin Cyanin Black. ... 

A nanohltrahon membrane with PMIA, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), and LiCl has been fabricated by a phase inversion technique [93]. The rejechon of the PMIA nanohltrahon membrane for the dyes Eriochrome black T, Eriochrome blue black B, and Alizarin red was all found to be more than 98% at 0.4 MPa. However, the rejection for NaCl was only around 5.5%. The hux increases largely with an increase of pressure and temperature, but the rejection for the dyes remains... 

Apart from the agreement on sulphur black dye, in October 1931 LG. Farben concluded an agreement with Mitsui Bussan, which was to be the sole representative of Mitsui Mining, with regard to alizarin blue. This agreement concerned the division of the Japanese market at first this was apportioned at a ratio of 60 percent to I.G. Farben and 40 percent to Mitsui. The agreement was, however, repeatedly revised until its termination in 1940, when market shares were in fact reversed to 40 percent for I.G. Farben and 60 percent for Mitsui. ... 

Synthetic dyes, such as indigo with different concentrations (20%-8o%), alizarin for red, auramine for yellow, naphthol for red and yellow, and aniline for blue or black color, have replaced the traditional natural dyestuffs [1, 2, 4, 6]. Examples of the synthetic dyes used in batik processing are Brenta Soga produced by ICI, Naphthol as produced by Bayer, and Anthrasol produced by Hoechst [4]. 

Synthetic dyes Methylene Blue, Alizarin Red, Eriochrome Black T, Methyl Red, Acid Yellow 1, Acid Blue 22 [20-25]... 

Azoflavlne RS, Chrome fast yellow. Ponceau 4, Acid brown R, Alizarin yellow. Orange 1, Naphtol black. Ponceau S extra, and other dyes H 1213.214,2151... 

Significantly, Beckers manufactured a few dyes from underrepresented categories, such as anthraquinone and alizarin, and he expanded his firm through both internal growth and the acquisition of Standard Aniline Products of Wappingers Falls, New York, a start-up that manufactured sulphur black and intermediates such as aniline and beta... 

Because of their anthraquinone content many plants of the Rubiaceae haven been used for the preparation of natural dyes all over the world. The best known for this purpose is madder, i.e. the ground root of Rubia tinctorum L., which produces alizarin 13). The colours most frequently observed when alizarin is used with an aluminum mordant are various shades of red. But as alizarin forms lakes with many metal oxides many other colours can be obtained as well The colours for which madder has been used most frequently are red, pink, violet, lilac, dark-brown and black 50). 

---