Alizarin dyeing

Different historians ascribe different dates to the discovery of the first coordination compound. Perhaps the earliest known of all coordination compounds is the bright-red alizarin dye, a calcium aluminum chelate compound of hydroxyanthraquinone. It was first used in India and known to the ancient Persians and Egyptians long before it was used by the Greeks and Romans. Joseph s coat of many colors may possibly have been treated with it. 

Mordant dyes - [AMINOPHENOLS](Vol2) - [DYES, APPLICATION AND EVALUATION] (Vol 8) -from alizarin [DYES, ANTHRAQUINONE] (Vol 8) -for wool [DYES, APPLICATION AND EVALUATION] (Vol 8)... 

Wool is mordanted with alumina, for alizarin-dyeing, generally by boiling in a bath of alum tartar. Chromium mordants are also used in connection with alizarin for production of maroon shades. 

This dyestuff is prepared by heating -nitroalizarin with glycerine and sulphuric acid. It is peculiar in so far that it possesses the lake-forming properties characteristic of the alizarin dyes, and is at the same time a weak base. Alizarin blue was discovered by Prud homme [28], and the determination of its constitution by Graebe [29] led to the synthesis of quinoline by Skraup from glycerine, nitrobenzene, and aniline. 

At the turn of the 1870s Heinrich Baum at Hoechst separated the various isomers of sul-fonated naphthol compounds. Isolation of ft- or 2-naphthol (21), its conversion to R acid (22) and G acid (23) and the separate use of them as intermediates for azo dyestuffs gave much clearer shades (Scheme 7). As had been the case with the alizarin dyes, the importance of understanding isomerism in technical work became critical to further progress. 

Use Textiles, leather, manufacture of soaps, alizarin dye assistant, paper coatings. 

Creosote oil is of value as a source of naphthalene, and for preserving wood from the action of. the weather and destructive insects. Naphthalene, once a waste product, is now used largely in the manufacture of dyes, being the parent substance of artificial indigo, as an insecticide, and in other minor rdlea. Anthracene oil is the source of anthracene, a condensed hydrocarbon of the benzene sories, from which the alizarin dyes are made. 

The earliest known coordination compound is possibly bright red alizarin dye, a calcium aluminum chelate compound... 

Fuming sulfuric acid attained importance as an oxidizing agent for the introduction of hydroxyl groups in anthraquinone derivatives in the production of a variety of alizarin dyes. Thus, fuming sulfuric acid at low temperatures may be used to convert alizarin and other hydroxy derivatives of anthraquinone to trihydroxy or up to hexahydroxy derivatives. 

Structures of the (a) Prussian blue, (b) aureolin, and (c) alizarin dyes. [Pigment photos courtesy of Kremer Pigments, Inc.]... 

Tuscan red n. Red pigment made from a mixture of iron oxide and an alizarine dye. 

Use of alizarin dyes continues today with substituted molecules such as those given in Table IV. 

The present study focuses on elucidating and quantifying the physical changes in the polymers that were induced by the PEG-modulation of the PHB-synthesis. PEG is a polyether that is known for its exceptional blood and tissue compatibility, it is used extensively as stealth material in a variety of drug delivery vehicles and is also under investigation as surface coating for biomedical implants. PEG, when dissolved in water, has a low interfacial free ener, exhibits rapid chain motion, and its lai e excluded volume leads to steric repulsion of approaching molecules (16, 17). These properties are responsible for the superb biocompatibility of PEG. However, PEG is not a thermoplastic material and therefore not moldable. Furthermore, a PEG-modified alizarin dye is used for modulated fermentation in order to synthesize colored bacterial PHB. 

The ethoxylated dye was synthesized anionically from alizarin dye according to the following reaction scheme (Figure 2) in a pressurized steel reactor. After chromatographic purification from side products, the structure of the dye was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and the molecular weights were... 

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