Ingrain colors

Dyeing with an Ingrain Color Primuline (SECTION 625). 

Dyes may be classified according to their constitution, such as azo dyes, phthaleins, alizarines, etc., but from the standpoint of the dyer the more important classification is that which is based on the behavior of the dyes with fibers. Dyes are grouped in this way as substantive or direct, and adjective or mordant. Dyes are also classed as acidic and basic. In addition to the dyes belonging to these classes, there are a few, such as indigo and other Vat dyes, aniline black, and the so-called ingrain colors, which are produced by chemical reactions within the fiber. 

The product is rendered soluble in water by converting it into a sulphonic acid. Primuline dyes cotton directly a lemon-yellow color. In order to deposit an ingrain color on cotton dyed with primuline, the cloth is first treated with a dilute acidified solution of sodium nitrite. Primuline, which contains an amino group, is thus converted into a diazonium salt. The material is next washed with cold water, and immersed in a solution of one of the naphthols, naphthylamines, or their derivatives. Azo compounds are formed in this way directly in the fabric, and, as a result, various shades of yellow, orange, scarlet, or maroon may be obtained. 

B. Ingrain, Color Purity Measurements of Traditional Pyrotechnic Star Formulas , Journal of Pyrotechnics, No. 17, 2003, pp 1-18. 

Infrared epectroecopy spect The study of the properties of material systems by meansof their interaction with infrared radiation ordinarily the radiation is dispersed into a spectrum after passing through the material. lin fralred spek tras-ko-pS Infuelon chem The aqueous solution of a soluble constituent of a substance as the result of the substance s steeping in the solvent for a period of time. in fyii-zhon ) Ingrain color See azoic dye. in,gran. kal ar)... 

Acetate fibers are dyed usually with disperse dyes specially synthesized for these fibers. They tend to have lower molecular size (low and medium energy dyes) and contain polar groups presumably to enhance the forces of attraction by hydrogen bonding with the numerous potential sites in the cellulose acetate polymer (see Fibers cellulose esters). Other dyes can be appHed to acetates such as acid dyes with selected solvents, and azoic or ingrain dyes can be apphed especially for black colorants. However thek use is very limited. 

Echsppe-Ol, n. recovered oil. echt, a. genuine, true, real pure, unadulterated (of colors) fast ingrain. 

It is obvious that the objection on the part of congress [to admitting Asians to citizenship] is not due to color, as color, but only to color as an evidence of a type of civilization which it characterizes. The yellow or brown racial color is the hallmark of Oriental despotisms. .. It was deemed that the subjects of these despotisms, with their fixed and ingrained pride in the type of their civilization. . . were not fitted and suited to make for the success of a republican form of Government. Hence they were denied citizenship. 

Dyes are also classified on the basis of their application. The water-soluble dyes which are the salts of sulfonic acid or phenolic compounds are named acid dyes] those which are the salts of amino compounds are called basic. If the dyeing is accomplished without use of mordants the dyes are called direct. Dyes which require the use of metallic oxides, tannin, and other substances to give fast shades are called mordant dyes. The water-insoluble dyes are known as vat dyes. The insoluble colored substance is reduced in a fermentation vat or by hydrosulfite to a soluble form which is applied to the fiber then oxidized by air to the insoluble color. Finally ingrain dyes are produced by performing one or more of the chemical reactions used for the preparation of the dye directly on the fiber. 

Dyeing, ingrain adj (1766). Term used to describe yarn or stock that is dyed in two or more shades prior to knitting or weaving to create blended color effects in fabrics. 

S Ingrain. This is a generic term applied to those kinds of dyes which are formed in situ in the substrate by development or coupling of one or more intermediates. The definition includes both azoic systems and oxidation bases. The Colour Index restricts its use to those colorants of the phthalocyanine class which are formed by chemical steps on the fibre. 

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