Scratching, and biting

When thieatened, monitors can be formidably aggressive animals. They can inflict painful bites and scratches, and the largest species are capable of killing a human. However, monitors can be readily tamed in captivity. 

Cat bites, with an estimated incidence of 5% to 15% of all animal bites, are the second most common canse of animal bite wounds in the United States. Bites and scratches occnr most commonly on the upper extremities, with most injuries reported in women. Infection rates, estimated at 30% to 50%, are more than double those seen with dog bites. ... 

First aid for bites and scratches from animals should include cleaning the wound with soap and uncontaminated water, applying a antibiotic cream, then covering it. 

Intrathecal administration of big dynorphin (1-10 fmol) produced a characteristic behavioral response, the biting and/or licking of the hindpaw and the tail along with a slight hindlimb scratching directed toward the flank (Tan-No et al., 2002). 

Tan-No, K., Taira, A., Wako, K., Niijima, F., Nakagawasai, O., Tadano, T., Sakurada, C., Sakurada, T., and Kisara, K. (2000). Intrathecally administered spermine produces the scratching, biting and licking behavior in mice. Pain 86, 55-61. 

It next will be right To describe each particular batch Distinguishing those that have feathers, and bite, From those that have whiskers, and scratch. 

In addition, these pathogens are also naturally transmitted by vectors and this pathway may also be exploited as a method of delivery of biowarfare agents. Examples of vectors include flies, mosquitoes, ticks, lice, and fleas. Vectors transmit the pathogen when they bite or scratch a new host. In some cases, the pathogen is excreted in the vector s feces as it feeds and forced into the wound by the casualty when scratching the bite. Vectors may be either the reservoir (i.e., animal or insect in which a pathogen normally lives and serves as a source for continued infection) or intermediate host for the pathogen. 

Infections arising from cat bites or scratches are frequently (75%) caused by P. multocida, which has been isolated in the oropharynx of 50% to 70% of healthy cats. Mixed aerobic and anaerobic infections have been reported in 63% of cat bite wounds, whereas approximately one-third of cultures grow aerobes only. Both tularemia Pasteurella tularensis) and rabies also have been transmitted by cat bites. ... 

The management of cat bites is similar to that discussed for dog bites. Cat scratches typically involve the same organisms as bites and should be treated accordingly. Antibiotic therapy with peniciUin is the mainstay, and therapy is as described for dog bites. 

Onox Itch Relief is a topical analgesic in a handy 4-oz. spray container you can carry with you outdoors for immediate temporary relief from the itching and pain of poison oak, ivy, sumac, nettles, insect bites and stings. No more itching No more scratching. Onox Itch Relief doesn t sting or stain, provides immediate relief, and is easy to use. Onox Inc., 800-533-6669. Circle 173... 

Use of LMX4 is identical to that for EMLA. LMX is recommended for treating pain, itching, soreness, and discomfort of the skin or mucous membranes due to certain conditions such as eczema, scratches, minor bimns, insect bites, and hemorrhoids. Thus the guidelines allow for appUcation even to open skin. 

The application of a mild topical corticosteroid, such as hydrocortisone, is effective in patients presenting with multiple mosquito bites. Paracetamol, which is an antipyretic agent is not indicated in mosquito bites. Fusidic acid cream is an anti-infective agent and is indicated if the mosquito bites have been scratched and there is risk of infection. Benzocaine (anaesthetic) and mepyramine (antihistamine) may relieve itchiness but are less effective in multiple mosquito bites than hydrocortisone. 

Several transmission mechanisms exist for Chagas disease in humans including transfusions, congenital factors, oral or buccogastric transmission, and principally, via vectors. This last via occurs when humans are bitten by infected insects, mainly triatomines such as T. infestans, which defecate on the skin. When the individual scratches the location of the bite, the contaminated insect feces enter the bloodstream. 

Cat-scratch disease is caused by Bartonella henselae or B. quintana, which are gram-negative bacteria. It is transmitted through a cat scratch, bite, or lick and may cause a neuroretinitis with variable effect on visual acuity. The Bartonella species organisms are susceptible to a number of antibiotics. Systemic steroids can be used as an adjimctive treatment. 

They were flat round wafers, slightly browned on the edges and butter-yellow in the center. With the cold lemonade they were sufficient for childhood s lifelong diet. Remembering my manners, I took nice little lady-like bites off the edges. She said she had made them expressly for me and that she had a few in the kitchen that I could take home to my brother. So I jammed one whole cake in my mouth and the rough crumbs scratched the insides of my jaws, and if I hadn t had to swallow, it would have been a dream come true. 

Human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV), rabies vaccine adsorbed (RVA), and purified chick embryo cell culture rabies vaccine (PCEC) are killed vaccines used for preexposure and postexposure rabies virus prophylaxis. Transmission of rabies can occur via percutaneous, per-mucosal, or airborne exposure to the rabies virus. Circumstances favoring such transmission include animal bites or attacks and contamination of scratches, cuts, abrasions, or mucous membranes with saliva or other infectious material (brain tissue). Unprovoked attacks and daytime attacks by nocturnal animals are considered highly suspect. Common wild animal transmitters include skunks, coyotes, foxes, and raccoons. Almost 60% of human rabies deaths in the United States since 1980 were associated with bat contact. Canine rabies is very common in many foreign countries (most of Asia, Africa, and Latin America). Rodents, rabbits, and hares are infected rarely. There have been a few reports of a person-to-person transmission. ... 

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