Biotechnologies scaling

The Ad Hoc Group took into account previous work on risk analysis that is summarised in Safety Considerations for Biotechnology Scale-up of Crop Plants (OECD, 1993a). The following quote gives the flavour Risk/safety analysis is based on the characteristics of the organism, the introduced trait. 

OECD (1993a), Safety Considerations for Biotechnology Scale-up of Crop Plants, OECD, Paris. 

In the context of environmental risk/safety, several guidance documents have been developed that focus on an approach to evaluating environmental risk/safety, such as the Safety Considerations for Biotechnology Scale-up of Crop Plants published by the OECD (1993). In addition, many other OECD documents, developed through consensus of the member countries, have provided the basis for... 

Biotechnology Scale-Up of Crop Plants, OECD, Paris. 

Biopolymer Extraction. Research interests involving new techniques for separation of biochemicals from fermentation broth and cell culture media have increased as biotechnology has grown. Most separation methods are limited to small-scale appHcations but recendy solvent extraction has been studied as a potential technique for continuous and large-scale production and the use of two-phase aqueous systems has received increasing attention (259). A range of enzymes have favorable partition properties in a system based on a PGE—dextran—salt solution (97) ... 

The first two categories, clarifying and crossflow filters, have been very well developed and optimized for use in biotechnology and standard wastewater treatment applications. Equipment is easily available for these applications, whether as small 0.2 micron sterilizing filter used to terminally sterilize 100 ml of product solution, or a small 500 ml crossflow filter used to concentrate a small amount of antibody solution. Many vendors of this equipment to wastewater treatment applications have their origins in the CPI (Chemical Process Industries), and have incorporated many of the scale-up and optimization properties developed in much larger units used in large scale chemical production. As a result, these two filtration unit operations are one of the most optimized and efficient used in wastewater treatment. 

Nowadays biocatalysis is a well-assessed methodology that has moved from the original status of academic curiosity to become a widely exploited technique for preparative-scale reactions, up to the point that the so-called industrial biotechnology (to which biocatalysis contributes to the most extent) is one of the three pillars of the modern sustainable chemistry. 

The commercialization of developments in biotechnology will require a new breed of chemical engineer, one with a solid foundation in the life sciences as well as in process engineering principles. This engineer will be able to bring iimovative and economic solutions to problems in health care delivery and in the large-scale implementation of advances in molecular biology. 

HIGH-FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP BIOTECHNOLOGY ON A BILLION-DOLLAR SCALE... 

These results have demonstrated that the biomimetic approach of copying the supramolecular principle of archaeal cell envelopes opens new possibilities for exploiting functional hpid membranes at meso- and macroscopic scales. Moreover, this technology has the potential to initiate a broad spectrum of developments in such areas as sensor technology, diagnostics, biotechnology, and electronic or optical devices. 

Airlift loop reactor (ALR), basically a specially structured bubble column, has been widely used in chemical industry, biotechnology and environmental protection, due to its high efficiency in mixing, mass transfer, heat transfer etc [1]. In these processes, multiple reactions are commonly involved, in addition to their complicated aspects of mixing, mass transfer, and heat transfer. The interaction of all these obviously affects selectivity of the desired products [2]. It is, therefore, essential to develop efficient computational flow models to reveal more about such a complicated process and to facilitate design and scale up tasks of the reactor. However, in the past decades, most involved studies were usually carried out in air-water system and the assumed reactor constructions were oversimplified which kept itself far away from the real industrial conditions [3] [4]. 

Chaumont, C. et al., Scaling up a tubular photoreactor for continuous culture of Porphyridium cruentum from laboratory to pilot plant, m Algal Biotechnology, Stadler, T. et al., Eds., Elsevier, London, 1988, 199. 

Parrke, S., Held, M., Wubbolts, M.G., Witholt, B., Schmid, A. (2002) Pilot-Scale Production of (S)-Styrene Oxide from Styrene by Recombinant Escherichia coli Synthesizing Styrene Monooxygenase. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 80, 33M1. 

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