Bioplast

These monomers are biodegradeable and used for the production of bioplastics. PHAs produced from the process are usually composed of 100-30,000 monomers and exist in a short chain. Naturally, the properties of PHAs are similar to thermoplastics that are obtained from petrochemical industry such as polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) as shown in Table 1 (Evan and Sikdar, 1990). 

Keshavarz, T., Roy, L, 2010. Polyhydroxyalkanoates bioplastics with a green agenda. 

In 2006 the material was used for the first commercial launch of mobile phones in lapan with a largely bioplastic case. 75% of the surface of the phone is bioplastic with only the screen and keypads made from conventional materials. The product has a good surface feel making it attractive to consumers, and meets all Japanese regulations for green purchasing and green electronic devices. 

It is demonstrated here that extrusion is an effective tool for texturing whey proteins to create new functions for dairy proteins and that thermally denatured WPl is a unique ingredient that can be used in large amounts in nontraditional applications for non-TWPl. This review covers the use of extrusion texturized dairy ingredients in foods however, there are other examples of fhe successful use of this technique along with the product, TWPl in different types of nonfood applications, such as in biodegradable films, and bioplastics. 

The complete degradation of sulfamethoxazole was also reported within 14 days with P. chrysosporium, Bjerkandera sp. R1 and B. adusta [4], although, contrary to the reports of enzymatic transformation, metabolites were not identified. Partial removal (from 30% to 55%) of sulfamethoxazole from activated-sludge-mixed liquor and the effluent of a WWTP was demonstrated at bench scale within 5 days with P. chrysosporium propagules entrapped in a granular bioplastic formulation [25]. This approach was also successful in the partial elimination of other kinds of antibiotics, eg., ciprofloxacin (see below) and the macrolide erythromycin. 

Erythromycin P. chrysosporium Inoculation of granular bioplastic formulation entrapping propagules of P. chrysosporium in wastewater 10 pg mL-1 98% after 30 days. [25]... 

Above we have shown the attractiveness of the so-called green nanocomposites, although the research on these materials can still be considered to be in an embryonic phase. It can be expected that diverse nano- or micro-particles of silica, silicates, LDHs and carbonates could be used as ecological and low cost nanofillers that can be assembled with polysaccharides and other biopolymers. The controlled modification of natural polymers can alter the nature of the interactions between components, affording new formulations that could lead to bioplastics with improved mechanical and barrier properties. 

To illustrate the problems that are faced in contemporary metabolic engineering it is worth considering two fields that have recently received much attention starch biosynthesis in potato tubers and the production of bioplastics in Arabidopsis. 

The additional interesting part of Fig. 1.12 is the biorefinery, which uses biomass and waste, produces waste products C02 and ash, both to be recycled for the production of biofuels, heat and electricity and biomaterials. These biomaterials are highly oxygen functionalized for products such as alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters. A currently produced bioplastic is poly(lactic acid). A main cost factor is separation. 

European Bioplastics (2008) Bioplastics - frequently asked questions. European Bioplastics, Berlin. http //www.european-bioplastics.org/index.php id=191... 

De Wilde B (2008) Lecture Bioplastics-Biodegradability-Compostability What is it What is it not on September, 3th, 2008 in Madrid... 

According to the definition by Japan BioPlastic Association (JBPA), there are two types of so-called GreenPla. One is biodegradable plastic, which means that the plastic will be completely decomposed into H2O and CO2 by environmental... 

Fig. 1 Life cycle model of biorenewable polymers according to European Bioplastics [6]...

Problems of applications of bioplastics arise not only from the (price) competition with the highly developed synthetic polymers but also from their insufficient property levels. Possibilities to decrease the hydrophility and to increase the values of mechanical properties so far are ... 

Bastioli, C. (1998). Starch based bioplastics Properties, applications and future perspectives. Proceedings of the symposium, Wurzburg, 11/12. Biologisch abbaubare Werkstoffe (BAW) . 

Fischer, S., de Vlieger, J., Kook, T, Batenburgand, L., Fischer, H.R., (2001). Green nano-composite materials -new possibilities for bioplastics , MRS Symposium Series, 2001, 628. 

In order to improve the usability of enzymes, immobilization matrices have been proposed with both environmental decontamination as well as personal detoxification in mind. Effective immobilization methods allow for the preparation of an immobilized enzyme that retains most of its native activity, maintains high operational stability as well as high storage stability. Recent advances in material synthesis using enzymes have allowed the preparation of a variety of bioplastics and enzyme-polymer composites, which involve the incorporation of the enzyme material directly into the polymer. Enzymes stabilized in this way maintain considerable stability under normally denaturing conditions [21]. A number of methods have been used to prepare bioplastic or enzyme-polymer composite materials with OP-degrading enzymes. Drevon Russel described the incorporation... 

In Europe, the bio-industries are associated in EuropaBio. This organization submitted in 2003 six studies within "White Biotechnology" to a number of independent peer reviewers. All studies of processes making use of microorganisms and enzymes in producing industrial antibiotics, vitamins, detergents, bioplastics, and fibers (Figure 16.5) seemed to save... 

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