Biomaterial extracellular matrices

Romano NH, Sengupta D, Chung C et al (2010) Protein-engineered biomaterials nanoscale mimics of the extracellular matrix. Biochim Biophys Acta 1810 339-349... 

Badylak SF (2007) The extracellular matrix as a biologic scaffold material. Biomaterials 28 (25) 3587-3593... 

Puolakkainen P, Bradshaw AD, Kyriakides TR, Reed M, Brekken R, Wight T, Bomstein P, Ratner B, Sage EH. Compromised production of extracellular matrix in mice lacking secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) leads to a reduced foreign body reaction to implanted biomaterials. American Journal of Pathology 2003,162, 627-635. 

Keywords Bioactive Biomaterials Biomimetic Cellular infiltration Electrospinning Extracellular matrix Hydrogels Nanofibers Polymer scaffolds Tissue... 

Three distinct periods of osteoblast differentiation at the genetic level have been identified during in vitro examination of developing osteoblasts after initial adhesion to a surface (1) cell proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis, (2) extracellular matrix development and maturation, and (3) extracellular matrix mineralization (Stein and Lian, 1993). A schematic of the time course of osteoblast function and synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins on a newly implanted biomaterial is shown in Fig. 6. 

Scaffolds can be made from natural or synthetic materials. Such materials fall under the category of biomaterials. A biomaterial can be considered a single element or compound, which is a composite or mixture of elements, and is synthesized or derived to be used in the body to preserve, restore, or augment the structure or function of the body. Examples of natural materials for scaffold construction are extracellular matrix, collagen, fibrin, and polysaccharides (e.g., chitosan or glycosaminoglycans). Natural materials, unless they are obtained from the patient who receives the neo-organ implant, will cause an immunogenic response. This is not always the case with synthetic materials. 

Rowley JA, Madlambayan G, and Mooney DJ. Alginate hydrogels as synthetic extracellular matrix materials. Biomaterials 1999 20 45-53. 

Mann, B.K. Schmedlen, R.H. West, J.L. Tethered-TGF-P increases extracellular matrix production of vascular smooth muscle cells. Biomaterials 2001, 22, 439 44. 

Ranucci CS, Kumar A, Batra SP, Moghe PV (2000) Control of hepatocyte function on collagen foams sizing matrix pores toward selective induction of 2-D and 3-D cellular morphogenesis. Biomaterials 21(8) 783-793 Rowley JA, Madlambayan G, Mooney DJ (1999) Alginate hydrogels as synthetic extracellular matrix materials. Biomaterials 20(1) 45-53... 

Early attempts to functionalize biomaterial surfaces with biological molecules were focused on improving blood compatibility of cardiovascular devices, such as the artificial heart and synthetic blood vessels, by immobilizing heparin or albumin on polyurethane or Dacron . To enhance cell adhesion to biomaterial surfaces, entire extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as fibronectin and laminin, have been used directly as coatings. However, because of the nonspecific manner of whole protein adsorption, most of the cell binding capability is often lost. Using a molecular templating technique, it may be possible to select which protein(s) to absorb on biomaterial surfaces. ... 

Keywords Artificial implants Biomaterials Electrospinning Extracellular matrix Growth factors Peripheral nerve Regeneration... 

Primary attachment occurs by both specific and non-specific mechanisms, and to the native surfaces of implanted biomaterials as well as to surfaces primed by adsorption of host-derived plasma proteins, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and coagulation products (platelets and thrombi) (Fig. 2) [20, 21],... 

Courtney-Harris, R.G., Kayser, M.V., and Downes, S. (1994) Comparison of the early production of extracellular matrix on dense hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite -coated titanium in cell and organ culture. Biomaterials, 16 (6), 489 -495. 

Kraehenbuehl TP, Zammaretti P, Van der Vlies AJ et al (2008) Three-dimensional extracellular matrix-directed cardioprogenitor differentiation systematic modulation of a synthetic cell-responsive PEG-hydrogel. Biomaterials 29 2757-2766 Kwon OH, Kikuchi A, Yamato M et al (2000) Rapid cell sheet detachment from poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)-grafted porous cell culture membranes. J Biomed Mater Res 50 82-89... 

Collagen. The extracellular matrix protein collagen is the most abundant protein in animals and, therefore, has been used in a variety of biomaterials. 

Park IK, Yang J, Jeong HW et al (2003) Galactosylated chitosan as a synthetic extracellular matrix for hepatocytes attachment. Biomaterials 24 2331-2337... 

Most cellular interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM) occur via integrins (Hynes, 2002). However, with the design of novel biomaterials in mind, the presence of other cell surface receptors such as proteoglycans and immunoglobulins may be exploited in order to create materials that elucidate a desired cellular response. Thus, while these receptor families are not typically highly involved in cell substrate binding, their existence provides the bioengineer with more possibilities to achieve alteration of cell behavior via biomaterial modification. 

---