Biomass categories

Different feedstocks were included in the analyses in the case of the biomass potentials or data about certain biomass categories were missing on a regional disaggregated level. 

The interactions in the intermediate-dose category may result in effects on the reproduction cycle of species, the utilization of nutrients, the production of biomass, and the susceptibility to disease,... 

Project delineates between cleaner new gas technologies and polluting old natural gas technologies—and reserves a third cleanest category for energy efficiency/conservation, solar, wind, and geothermal (but not hydro or biomass). 

The Terrestrial Component. These papers illustrate the application of temporal, spatial, and domain connectivity. Chemicals associated with people, food eaten by people, insects, and other organisms that compete with people for food, and other biomass must be identified. Since most of these chemical groups are terrestrial, spatial boundaries such as urban, biome, regional, and global are used. From a system perspective, these boundaries exclude water and air and require that they be placed in the "rest of the system" category. This type of boundary introduces the assumption that food, competitors for food, or any chemical that is discharged to or harvested from the air or water is ignored or assumed to be external to the system studied. 

This chapter focuses on "biomass to hydrogen conversion technologies." A variety of biomass resources can be converted for energy supply. They can be divided into four general categories 13... 

Because there are so many similar applications, only representative papers will be discussed here. A thorough search in Chemical Abstracts, Ovid, or any number of databases should find many more good references on this topic. These papers will be loosely broken into categories such as biomass, although there is inevitable crossover. 

Table 1 lists a number of studies carried out in urban sites of the Eastern Mediterranean Basin that have used multivariate statistical methods to quantify the mass contribution of sources of particulate matter. In most of these studies, four or five major source categories have been detected. These categories include road/soil dust, traffic emissions, marine aerosol, fuel oil combustion emissions, biomass... 

For release to land , the only category with an EF available was Uncontrolled Combustion Processes . Burning of biomass in forest/ grassland fires contributed to the total annual land dioxin/furan release of 0.05 g TEQ. There was a general lack of information on other potential local land sources of dioxin/furan release. 

The strategy for the development of products from biomass needs to be twofold. One approach is to identify those opportunities where we can compete economically with existing petrochemical products. Succinic acid-derived materials fit into this category (Fig. 1). The second approach must include the identification of products with novel functionality that cannot easily or cost effectively be derived from petrochemical building blocks. The challenge with developing new materials is that the market for these products must also be developed and the time and cost can be significant however, the reward may also be substantial. 

The first case covers for example flue-gas treatment, which requires the filtration of fly-ash and the reduction of NOx, or gasification processes, where particulates and high-boiling tars have to be removed. An example of the second case is that of combustion processes, where incomplete combustion leads to the emission of carbonaceous particulates. The most relevant topic in this category is the reduction of diesel particulate emissions ( diesel soot ) by catalytic filtration. A more exotic example is the reaction cyclone for the thermal conversion of biomass, which also combines chemical reactions and separation in one apparatus, though its separation mechanism is not filtration. 

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