Biomass resources, categories

This chapter focuses on "biomass to hydrogen conversion technologies." A variety of biomass resources can be converted for energy supply. They can be divided into four general categories 13... 

Resources that contain sugars can be used as a feedstock for ethanol fermentation. There are many biomass resources in the world that can be used to produce ethanol by fermentation. According to the traditional approach, they can be divided into three categories - starch, sugar, and cellulose materials-... 

SOM is composed of a continuum of organic resources from fresh plant residues to stabilized organic matter (OM) or humus (Stevenson, 1994). Although this definition of SOM includes intact plant litter, in this review we will often distinguish between decomposition of litter on the soil surface and decomposition/stabilization of OM within the mineral soil. Within the mineral soil, SOM is often divided into four categories the light fraction, microbial biomass (discussed above), dissolved organic matter (DOM), and stable humic substances. 

Five major biomass feedstocks were considered in this analysis — low moisture plants, high moisture plants, woody crops, manure, and marine crops. For each of these categories. Mission Analysis Final Report, Volume III, describes a set of resource curves, corresponding to the years 1975, 1985, 2000, and 2020 — the time frame of the analysis. Prices for the intervening years are found by interpolation within the computer model. 

Biomass-derived monomers can be classified into four major categories according to their natural resource origins (14) ... 

Biomass is the sustainable substitute to petroleum for the production of industrial organic chemicals, fuels, and other goods. Biorefineries will also reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with a more sustainable resource supply. On the other hand, bio-based fuels and products may also lead to environmental problems, eutrophication of water, or land use. There are three categories of maximum environmental impact that may be associated with a biorefinery product carcinogenicity, fossil fuel use, and respiratory effects. 

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