Biology concepts, nanoscale

Nanoreactors are nanoscale containers with the ability of selective encapsulation of guest(s). The confined microenvironment within a NR can remarkably influence the process inside. There are various kinds of NRs, including biological, self-assembled, and natural or synthetic NRs, Up to now, numerous reports have been published on the synthesis and applications of NRs, It is expected that this research field will develop even more rapidly and offer solutions to many challenging topics in material science, catalysis, biomedicine, sensors, etc. It is hoped that the concepts presented in this opening chapter provide information to fundamental concepts of NRs and their potential applications. In the following chapters, various kinds of organic NRs, as well as their potential applications, will be discussed in detail,... 

In addition to enabling the study of motor proteins, microtubules propelled by kinesin motors serve as a nanoscale transport system. By controlhng the direction of the microtubules, the attachment and detachment of cargo to microtubules, and the supply of ATP fuel, microtubules can be induced to act as nanoscale delivery trucks, or molecular shuttles (Hess and Vogel, 2001). Assembled from biological components with umnatched functionality, these molecular shuttles can be used to explore design concepts for nanoscale systems and devices (Hess et al., 2002a,b). 

Nanoscale electrochemistry has revolutionized electrochemical research and technologies and has made broad impacts in other fields, including nanotechnology and nanoscience, biology, and materials chemistry. Nanoelectrochemistry examines well-established concepts and principles and provides an updated overview of the field and its applications. 

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