Biological concepts

Sala, N Fontcuberta, J., and Rutllant, M. L., New biological concepts on coagulation inhibi-tiors. Intensive Care Med. 19(Suppl 1), S3-S7 (1993). 

Pagel, Walter. John Baptist van Helmont De Tempore and the history of the biological concept of time. Isis 33, no. 5 (Mar 1942) 621-623. 

Starr, C. (1997), Biology Concepts and Applications, Wadsworth Publishing, Belmont. 

Gaudy, A.F. Jr. and E.T. Gaudy (1971), Biological concepts for design and operation of the acti vated sludge process, US Environmental Protection Agency, Water Pollution Research Series, Rep. no. 17090, FQJ, 09/71, USEPA, Washington, DC. 

Source Reprinted from Basak, S.C., Mills, D., and Gute, B.D. in Biological Concepts and Techniques in Toxicology An Integrated Approach, Taylor Francis, New York, 2006, 61-82. With permission. 

Bocker W, Moll R, Poremba C, Holland R, Van Diest PJ, Dervan P, Burger H, Wai D, Ina DR, Brandt B, Herbst H, Schmidt A, Lerch MM, Buchwalow IB (2002) Common adult stem cells in the human breast give rise to glandular and myoepithelial cell lineages a new cell biological concept. Lab Invest 82(6) 737 746... 

Source Karp G. Cell and Molecular Biology, Concepts and Experiments, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 1996. 

We shall assume, rather arbitrarily for the purpose of this discussion, that the starting point of pharmaceutical innovation is the development of a new biologic concept (or a new approach to an existing concept) that is potentially therapeutically exploitable. Moving from the earliest and most a priori to the later and more empirical methods of drug discovery, the following types of innovation can be distinguished. 

Activity Chemistry or Biology Concepts Career Connections... 

There seems to be no explicit proposal for the most widely held hypothesis for the persistence of mitochondria genomes, but the hypothesis is implicit in many discussions of mitochondrial structure and function. For example, and in contrast to the open question posed by Alberts et al., Cell and Molecular Biology Concepts and Experiments (Karp 2002) provides what is probably still the current consensus view. 

Karp G (2002) Cell and molecular biology concepts and experiments, 4th edn. Wiley, New York Keilin D (1925) On cytochrome, a respiratory pigment, common to animals, yeast, and higher plants. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 98 312-339... 

Publishers like the Royal Society of Chemistry have initiated Project Prospect to enhance articles prior to publication with chemical and biological concepts (see rsc. org and The Alchemist Newsletter 2007 for details). Chapter 8 of this volume has a detailed discussion on publishing. The ability to find chemical structural information and its associated data is becoming much easier as the result of these endeavors and their many contributors (such as Rupp et al. 2007 Wilkinson 2002 Corbett et al. 2007 Batchelor and Corbett 2007 Corbett and Murray-Rust 2006 Nic et al. 2002 Murray-Rust and Rzepa 1999 Zimmermann and Hofmann 2007 and references within Zimmerman et al. 2005 Williams 2005 Williams and Yerrin 1999 Rouse and Beckman 1998 Ibison et al. 1992,1993a,b Simon and Johnson 1997 and reference within). 

Finding relevant documents that contain information about chemical compounds and biological concepts of interest (information retrieval task)... 

Finding specific information about chemicals that are related to biological concepts by an explicit relationship from many documents (information extraction task)... 

Campbell N A etal., 2006, Biology Concepts and Connections, 5th Edition, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 

Learmonth ID. Biocompatibility a biomechanical and biological concept in total hip replacement. Surgeon 2003 1 1-8. 

In general, the biological concepts of bismuth chemistry are rather limited and are once again based upon earlier work and also dealing with the latest data involving arsenic and the related chemistries . Furthermore, much of the published work is once again based... 

Cullis, P.R. de Kruijff, B. Hope, M.J. Verkleij, A.J. Nayar, R. Farren, S.B. Tilcock, C. Madden, T.D. Bally, M.B. Structural properties of lipids and their functional roles in biological membranes. In Membrane Fluidity in Biology. Concepts of Membrane Structure Academic Press New York, 1983 1, 39-81. 

This discussion of chymotrypsin illustrates several biological concepts (1) Enzymes greatly increase the rate at which a particular reaction occurs over the rate of a spontaneous reaction in the absence of a catalyst. (2) The amino acids that... 

B. Alberts, D. Bray, J. Lewis, M. Raff, and K. Roberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3rd ed., Garland, New York, 1994 G. Karp, Cell and Molecular Biology Concepts and Experiments, 3rd ed., John Sons, New York, Wiley 2002. 

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